Berenguela of Castile

Berenguela of Castile About Berenguela of Castile Known for: job in the progression of Castile and Leon; official of Castile for her sibling Enrique I Occupation: quickly, sovereign of LeonDates: January/June 1, 1180 - November 8, 1246Also known as: Berengaria of Castile Increasingly About Berenguela of Castile Berenguela was destined to King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor Plantagenet, Queen of Castile. An organized union with Conrad II of Swabia didn't occur; he was killed in 1196 preceding the marriage was held. Berenguelas Marriage In 1197, Berenguela was hitched rather to Alfonso IX of Leon, her endowment including lands were settlement of a contention among Leon and Castile. In 1198, the Pope suspended the couple on grounds of connection. The couple had five youngsters before they broke up the marriage in 1204 to evacuate their expulsion. Berenguela moved back to her dads Castilian court, with her kids. Berenguela and Castile At the point when her dad, Alfonso VIII, kicked the bucket in 1214, her mom Eleanors pain was incredible to such an extent that Berenguela needed to deal with the entombment of Alfonso. Eleanor passed on not exactly a month after her significant other did. Berenguela then got official for her young sibling, Enrique (Henry) I. Enrique passed on in 1217, slaughtered by a falling rooftop tile. Berenguela, the oldest little girl of Alfonso VIII, denied her own case to the seat for her child, Ferdinand III, later to be consecrated as Saint Ferdinand. Berenguela and Alfonso IX - Battles Over Succession Berenguelas previous spouse, Alfonso IX, accepted he reserved the option to lead Castile, and he assaulted Berenguela and Ferdinand who won the fight. Berenguela and Alfonso IX likewise battled about who might succeed Alfonso in Leon. He needed his girls by his first spouse to be favored in the progression. Alfonso attempted to wed one of these senior girls to John of Brienne, a French aristocrat and crusader who had been named King of Jerusalem. Be that as it may, John chose rather Berenguela of Leon, a girl of Alfonso by his second spouse Berenguela of Castile. A portion of their descendents became Englands House of Lancaster. Unification Under Ferdinand When Alfonso IX of Leon kicked the bucket in 1230, Ferdinand and his mom Berenguela arranged a settlement with Ferdinands stepsisters, and he united Leon and Castile. Berenguela of Castile stayed a functioning counsel of her child, Ferdinand III. Foundation, Family: Mother: Eleanor, Queen of Castile, a girl of Henry II of England and Eleanor of AquitaineFather: Alfonso VIII of CastileSiblings included: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal; Blanche of Castile, Queen of France; Mafalda; Constanza; Eleanor of Castile; Enrique (Henry) I of Castile Marriage, Children: Spouse: King Alfonso IX of Leon (wedded 1197-1204)Children:EleanorFerdinand IIIAlfonsoBerengariaConstance

Chinas increasing presence in sub-Saharan Africa Literature review

Chinas expanding nearness in sub-Saharan Africa - Literature survey Example Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris (2007, p.3) note that China is one of the quickest developing economies on the planet. The quick advancement has especially been experienced in the course of the most recent couple of decades. The development has been credited to the monetary limiting combined with improved proficiency (Adisu, Sharkey, and Okoroafo 2010). Information shows that China was the third biggest economy on the planet in 2004, and yet positioned 129th regarding per capita in light of the fact that it is the most crowded nation on the planet with over a billion people as indicated by the World Development Indicators (Bloomberg 2010). The Central bank of China anticipated that the economy of the nation was to develop by 9.2% in 2006 (Trofimov 2007). Be that as it may, as at the second quarter of 2006, the Chinese economy had developed by 11.3%, which was the most noteworthy on the planet in 2006 as indicated by De Lorenzo (2007). The development in Chinese economy is additionally credited to its dynamic job in the worldwide economy, especially in Sub-Saharan nations where China has contributed vigorously throughout the most recent couple of decades. As at 2006, the Chinese economy was anticipated to surpass the U.K. what's more, become the fourth biggest on the planet. China acquires over 28% of its gas and oil from sub-Saharan Africa, which among the most noteworthy hotel the world as per Ajakaiye (2006, p.11-13). Sautman and Hairong (2007, p.16-18) note that the development of exchange among China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has improved altogether in the course of the most recent couple of decades. In such manner, the information accessible shows that in 2003, the exchange among China and SAA was esteemed at $18.5 billion, which was a huge improvement in contrast with the 2002, which enrolled $12.39 billion. (Swartz and Hall 2010). By and by China positions among the top exchanging accomplices with SSA with Gabon being the second biggest customer after the U.S. A portion of the SSA where Chinese ventures are profoundly observable incorporates Kenya, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, South Africa, and Tanzania, Algeria and South Africa just to give some examples (Taylor 2006, P. 937-939). The Chinese organizations, especially the Building and Public Works (BPW) are contending effectively against different organizations in Africa (Muekalia 2004). This is apparent from the Chinese increment in infrastru ctural ventures, a field that numerous specialists state China has high mastery as substantiated by Zafar (2007). China’s thought processes in its quality in Africa Oil stores are apparently one reason why China has had a great deal of enthusiasm for putting resources into SSA. Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007, p.14) uncover that the administration of China has every one of the a since quite a while ago been on edge with respect to the country’s vitality reliance. For example, Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007) note that China was the eighth driving oil merchant in 2000 and rose to fourth in 2006. China’s oil import was anticipated to increment to the degree that it was probably going to surpass nations like Japan and Japan by 2010 (Fine, and Jomo 2005, p.76). ORAM (2005) refers to that the reliance on oil imports present a significant test to the global obligation china plans to attempt. A report shows that Indonesia, Iran, and Oman, for quite a while, have been the rule providers of oil to China (Anshan 2007, P.70). In any case, a portion of the oil delivering nations that China has relied upon is experiencing consumption, for example, the Indonesian oil saves. Further, the U.S. has had the option to unite its command over Middle East Oil aside from Iran since its intercession in Iraq (Wang and Bio-Tchane 2008). Also, the oil stores in

Biography of Georgy Zhukov, World War II Soviet General

Memoir of Georgy Zhukov, World War II Soviet General Marshal Georgy Zhukov (December 1, 1896â€June 18, 1974) was the most significant and best Russian general in World War II. He was answerable for the effective protection of Moscow, Stalingrad, and Leningrad against German powers and in the end pushed them back to Germany. He drove the last assault on Berlin, and he was so famous after the war that Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, feeling compromised, downgraded him and moved him to darken territorial orders. Quick Facts: Marshal Georgy Zhukov Rank: MarshalService: Soviet Red ArmyBorn: Dec. 1, 1896 in Strelkovka, RussiaDied: June 18, 1974 in Moscow RussiaParents: Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov, Ustinina Artemievna ZhukovaSpouse(s): Alexandra Dievna Zuikova, Galina Alexandrovna SemyonovaConflicts: World War IIKnown For: Battle of Moscow, Battleâ of Stalingrad, Battle of Berlin Early Life Georgy Zhukov was conceived on December 1, 1896, in Strelkovka, Russia, to his dad, Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov, a shoemaker, and his mom, Ustinina Artemievna Zhukova, a rancher. He had a senior sister named Maria. Subsequent to working in the fields as a kid, Zhukov was apprenticed to a furrier in Moscow at age 12. Finishing his apprenticeship four years after the fact in 1912, Zhukov entered the business. His profession demonstrated brief on the grounds that in July 1915, he was drafted into the Russian Army to decently serve during World War I. Following the October Revolution in 1917, Zhukov turned into an individual from the Bolshevik Party and joined the Red Army. Battling in the Russian Civil War (1918-1921), Zhukov proceeded in the mounted force, presenting with the popular first Cavalry Army. At the wars end, he was granted the Order of the Red Banner for his job in putting down the 1921 Tambov Rebellion. Consistently ascending through the positions, Zhukov was provided order of a mounted force division in 1933 and later was named appointee administrator of the Byelorussian Military District. Far East Campaign Sidestepping Russian pioneer Joseph Stalins Great Purge of the Red Army (1937-1939), Zhukov was chosen to order the First Soviet Mongolian Army Group in 1938. Entrusted with halting Japanese hostility along the Mongolian-Manchurian outskirt, Zhukov showed up after the Soviet triumph at the Battle of Lake Khasan. In May 1939, battling continued among Soviet and Japanese powers. They skirmished through the mid year, with neither increasing a preferred position. Zhukov propelled a significant ambush on August 20, nailing down the Japanese while defensively covered sections cleared around their flanks. In the wake of surrounding the 23rd Division, Zhukov demolished it, driving the couple of staying Japanese back to the outskirt. As Stalin was arranging the intrusion of Poland, the crusade in Mongolia finished and a harmony understanding was marked on September 15. For his authority, Zhukov was made a Hero of the Soviet Union and was elevated to general and head of general staff of the Red Army in January 1941. On June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union was attacked by Nazi Germany, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. World War II As Soviet powers endured turns around on all fronts, Zhukov was constrained to sign the Directive of Peoples Commissariat of Defense No. 3, which required a progression of counterattacks. Contending against the plans in the mandate, he was demonstrated right when they endured substantial misfortunes. On July 29, Zhukov was sacked as head of general staff subsequent to prescribing to Stalin that Kiev be surrendered. Stalin can't, and in excess of 600,000 men were caught after the city was encompassed by the Germans. That October, Zhukov was provided order of the Soviet powers safeguarding Moscow, soothing Gen. Semyon Timoshenko. To help in the citys safeguard, Zhukov reviewed Soviet powers positioned in the Far East, rapidly moving them the nation over. Strengthened, Zhukov safeguarded the city before propelling a counterattack on December 5, pushing the Germans 60 to 150 miles from the city. A short time later, Zhukov was made delegate president and was sent toward the southwestern front to assume responsibility for the protection of Stalingrad. While the powers in the city, drove by Gen. Vasily Chuikov, combat the Germans, Zhukov and General Aleksandr Vasilevsky arranged Operation Uranus. A monstrous counterattack, Uranus was intended to encompass and encompass the German sixth Army in Stalingrad. Propelled on November 19, Soviet powers assaulted north and south of the city. On Feb. 2, the enclosed German powers at long last gave up. As tasks at Stalingrad finished up, Zhukov regulated Operation Spark, which opened a course into the attacked city of Leningrad in January 1943. Zhukov was named a marshal of the Soviet military, and that late spring he counseled for the central leadership on the arrangement for the Battle of Kursk. Accurately speculating German expectations, Zhukov exhorted taking a guarded position and letting the German powers exhaust themselves. His suggestions were acknowledged and Kursk got one of the incomparable Soviet triumphs of the war. Coming back toward the northern front, Zhukov lifted the attack of Leningrad in January 1944 preceding arranging Operation Bagration. Intended to clear Belarus and eastern Poland, Bagration was propelled on June 22, 1944. It was a dazzling triumph, Zhukovs powers halting just when their flexibly lines became overextended. At that point, leading the Soviet push into Germany, Zhukovs men vanquished the Germans at Oder-Neisse and Seelow Heights before surrounding Berlin. Subsequent to engaging to take the city, Zhukov directed the marking of one of the Instruments of Surrender in Berlin on May 8, 1945. To perceive his wartime accomplishments, Zhukov was given the respect of investigating the Victory Parade in Moscow that June. After war Activity Following the war, Zhukov was made incomparable military administrator of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany. He stayed in this post for not exactly a year, as Stalin, compromised by Zhukovs prevalence, evacuated him and later alloted him to the unglamorous Odessa Military District. With Stalins passing in 1953, Zhukov came back to support and filled in as agent resistance serve and later protection serve. Despite the fact that at first a supporter of Soviet pioneer Nikita Khrushchev, Zhukov was expelled from his service and the Communist Party Central Committee in June 1957 after the two contended over armed force approach. In spite of the fact that he was preferred by Communist Party General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Soviet pioneer Aleksei Kosygin, Zhukov was never given another job in the legislature. He stayed in relative lack of definition until Khrushchev tumbled from power in October 1964. Demise Zhukov wedded late throughout everyday life, in 1953, to Alexandra Dievna Zuikova, with whom he had two girls, Era and Ella. Following their separation, in 1965 he wedded Galina Alexandrovna Semyonova, a previous military official in the Soviet Medical Corps. They had a little girl, Maria. The World War II saint was hospitalized subsequent to enduring a genuine stroke in 1967 and passed on after another stroke on June 18, 1974, in Moscow. Heritage Georgy Zhukov stayed a most loved of the Russian individuals long after the war. He was granted Hero of the Soviet Union multiple times in his profession 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1956-and got numerous other Soviet enrichments, including the Order of Victory (twice) and the Order of Lenin. He likewise got various remote honors, including the Grand Cross of the Legion dHonneur (France, 1945) and the Chief Commander, Legion of Merit (U.S., 1945). He was permitted to distribute his collection of memoirs, Marshal of Victory, in 1969.

Ethical use of information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Moral utilization of data - Essay Example Dishonest acts can be dictated by the AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics. Also, one can decide an uncommon concern identified with a specific issue (Al-Fedaghi, 2012). Subsequent to establishing that the dishonest direct has happened, one may need to move toward the expert and discussion about the worries. Consideration ought to be centered around the conceivable negative effect on the patient and the honesty of training. Reports could likewise be made to the organization, or more significant position authority in regards to how the issue. Besides, organizations ought to set up channels for revealing taking care of exploitative practice inside the establishment. All medical attendants should help with distinguishing deceptive practices that could hurt a patient’s prosperity. Announcing ought to be founded on precise realities and not just sentiment. In spite of the way that revealing may put a medical caretaker in danger, it ought not take out commitment to address deceptive practice that influence understanding security (Goodman, et al., 2011). Goodman, K. W., Berner, E. S., Dente, M. A., Kaplan, B., Koppel, R., Rucker, D., . . . Winkelstein, P. (2011). Difficulties in morals, security, best practices, and oversight with respect to HIT sellers, their clients and patients: a report of an AMIA uncommon team. Diary of the American Medical Informatics Association,

International Business - Multinational Enterprises - Cross Boundary Research Paper

Worldwide Business - Multinational Enterprises - Cross Boundary Expansions - Research Paper Example (So and Westward, 2009) By 2007, â€Å"Taobao held 82 percent of the market, as per Analysys International† and eBay sold out of the EachNet adventure, keeping up just its www.ebay.cn activities, which were not received in a boundless way for household Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) web based business exchange in China. (So and Westward, 2009) eBay can likewise be believed to have bombed in the headway of it PayPal procedure in China, which was outperformed by AliPay in use by Chinese shoppers. What is generally striking in these models is that eBay had the upper hands of previous market predominance, brand name acknowledgment, association with the prevailing web based business sell off site in China, and still flopped in keeping up these market positions, however rather turned into a minority business administrator in the Chinese household commercial center for online sell-offs. ... eBay’s inability to regard the neighborhood elements of Chinese culture and its examples of web use, its concentrated corporate system universally, just as its inability to comprehend the danger of TaoBao to its plan of action in China all prompted the eBay’s cross-limit development technique globally being ineffective in achieving its points of remote market foundation, expanded organization benefit, and the production of long haul investor esteem. eBay †Company History eBay is broadly viewed as one of the main examples of overcoming adversity of the Web 1.0 time, or the â€Å"dot-com boom† period in the late 1990’s that saw numerous web organizations open up to the world about extremely high measures of securities exchange theory. eBay was established by Pierre Omidyar in 1995 and Meg Whitman joined the organization in 1998 with related knowledge at Hasbro and Harvard Business School. (Gomes-Casseres, 2001) eBay outsmarted other web organizations, f or example, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Amazon.com to gain noteworthy income from internet business deals dependent on the bartering and C2C model. eBay requires posting charges for individuals to publicize their products available to be purchased on the site, charges an extra level of the deal as a commission, and furthermore gets a help charge from Mastercard exchanges by means of its PayPal administrations. The organization is the pioneer in the U.S. online closeout showcase, and opened up to the world in 1998. As news sources revealed, the company’s stock took off at the hour of the IPO, â€Å"shares of eBay went up 163.2 percent† on the primary day of exchanging to close at $47.375 with a market capitalization of $1.9 billion USD. (Kawamoto and Grice, 1998) Today, eBay exchanges on the NADAQ trade under the image EBAY with a stock

How to Use Cause and Effect Analysis to Solve Any Problem

How to Use Cause and Effect Analysis to Solve Any Problem Mistakes are an indispensable part of every business, big or small. Sometimes, a mistake in your business is a real setback and can lead to a total disaster. On the other hand, it can also be a great opportunity for your business to expand even further.It all depends on how you take the mistakes and what necessary measures you take to solve the problem. Your task as an entrepreneur is to detect all the problems in your business and find their solutions before things get out of hand.It is not enough to discover and remove problems only. It is equally important to find preventive measures for all the problems, so they would never reoccur.In fact, problem solving is considered as one of the most important aspects of any business. Some companies even hire specialists whose only task is to solve problems that occur from time to time. They mostly consider various underline causes of the problems such as the interaction design, product design or service design to come up with a wide range o f solutions.However, it is also imperative to define the problem clearly to discover the right solution. The definition should include everything from its root causes to the ways it is affecting the business. There are many tools that allow entrepreneurs to target specific solution of any business problem.One such tool is the Cause and Effect Analysis Method or Diagram (CEA). This particular method enables businessmen to fully explore and define a problem before start looking for its solutions and thus, it is a great tool to prevent similar complications in the future as well. ISSUES WITH TRADITIONAL PROBLEM SOLVING METHODSBefore we discuss the Cause and Effect Analysis Method in detail, it is appropriate to discuss some of the reasons why traditional problem solving techniques in businesses do not produce the desired results. In this regard:Most of these methodspartially solve the problems.Or, they solve the problem without identifying the root causes and reasons why it occurred in the first place.They solve the problem temporarily. In most cases, the problems reoccur and considerably harm your business.Sometimes you end up identifying the reasons that are not causing the problems you are finding solutions for.Most entrepreneurs do not see the problem solving process as a business improvement process. Therefore, they normally do not pay much attention to the critical problems harming their business and leave them to others to handle.HOW CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHOD CAN HELP?How you can prevent your business from suffering a horrible fate? You can avert the disaster through proper analyses of the situation, identifying main causes of the problem and preventing them from happening again and this is what Cause and Affect Analysis does for you.Japanese Professor Kaoru Ishikawa first proposed the idea of Cause and Effect Analysis in his book “Introduction to Quality Control”, first published in 1990. Professor Ishikawa is also the pioneer in the field of Q uality Management. There are many other names of the CEA such as Ishikawa Diagram, Herringbone Diagram and Fishbone Diagram because the final diagram drawn in the Cause and Effect Analysis looks exactly like a fish skeleton.Professor Ishikawa originally introduced Fishbone Diagrams for the purpose of quality control only. However, businessmen started using it as a tool to analyze various business processes especially identification of bottlenecks in the production process and problem solving.The Fishbone diagram not only enables you to identify the causes of any problem and how it is hindering business growth but also to take preventive measures to avoid any such occurrence in the future. Cause and Effect Analysis is actually a two steps process. Firstly, you look back in the past and analyze what has gone wrong and secondly, you plan for things to come by looking into the future.Looking Back in the Past.  This step involves identifying all the areas in which you made mistakes. You actually look into the past, analyze your mistakes and try to find all possible causes. By identifying the most problematic areas, you actually take necessary measures to prevent mistakes and problems in the future. Similarly, if any area of your business performed brilliantly, you can be able to replicate the performance in the future by applying CEA.Looking into the Future.  This step involves anticipating any future scenarios and planning for them well in advance. In this step, you contemplate about future problems and find their workable solutions. Similarly, you also plan how to further build on your possible business success in the years to come. In fact, you plan what to do in the present and determine future outcome of your business based on the steps you are going to take.IMPORTANCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSISCause and Effect Analysis is one of the most popular and powerful tools for finding root causes of problems and their solutions.In this regard, a cause is root if its removal prevents the problem from reoccurring any time in future. Similarly, the problem becomes casual if it only affects the outcome of a process or an event. Therefore, the removal of the casual cause improves a business process but does not prevent a problem from reoccurring.Most business use Cause and Effect Analysis to improve their operational activities. However, there is no reason why this extremely useful tool cannot be used to identify and solve problems in projects. In fact, the project manager can successfully detect root cause of a problem that is adversely affecting the project and ultimately remove it if he manages to use Cause and Effect AnalysisMethod effectively. Unlike other popular tools, you can use CEA over and over again because it aims at continuous improvement in business processes.As the CEA helps you understand the underlying causes of a failure or problem, it can also enable you to develop a system or actions to sustain the correction. Similarly, Fishbo ne diagrams cannot only assist you in detecting problems but it also categorizes these causes into useful groups for future reference.Similarly, CEA is unique in a way that it ensures you don’t deviate of the right path and always seek solutions for the actual problems and their causes.WHAT IS A FISHBONE DIAGRAM?A Fishbone diagram is the final outcome of any cause and effect analysis carried out for determining causes and finding solutions of a problem. In fact, it is a way to look at all these causes and their effect on business visually. Fishbone diagrams enable us to brainstorm causes of a mistake or problem more easily and effectively as compared to other tools such as Lessons Learned. It is a more structured approach of accomplishing this important task. Most often, it is used in conjunction with 5 Whys Analysis, another approach to carry out CEA.The head of the fish displays the actual problem or mistake under discussion. Then there are smaller bones which list all the possi ble contributory causes in various categories. The right side of the “fish” actually lists all the problems whereas the left side denominates the possible root causes. Furthermore, you can group these causes into four distinct categories that are people, machines, materials and methods. These categories can have many further subcategories as well.Now we discuss each of these categories in some detail.PeopleAll the causes created by human actions fall into this category. This category determines whether the employees are sufficiently experienced and trained? Are they good in communicating their needs and problems? Do they understand their tasks and assignments?MachinesThis category is related to the problems caused by issues with computers, machines, installations and tools etc. In this stage, you determine whether the workers used the right tools or machines? Do the machines meet minimum requirements to perform a task? Are they safe enough? Is there any problem with the installa tion of the machines? Are they reliable or not?MaterialThe material you are using to develop your products can also cause a lot of problems for your business. You need to determine whether the material you used was of reasonable quality or not? Did you use substandard material which resulted in the failure of the final product? Was there any issue with semi-finished products and consumables?Similarly, you can also find answers to the questions like how long a material will last or has it enough resistance against foreign elements.MethodsThis category investigates whether work methods were responsible for the problem or not?You need to ascertain how your departments and employees communicated with each other? Were the business processes or work methods adequate and capable enough to carry on a special task?These categories are commonly referred to as 4M’s. However, it is not mandatory to use only these four categories or areas in your diagram. There are many other options available to you such as:The 4 P’s: Place, Procedure, People, Policies.The 4 S’s: Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills.The 5 M’s: Machine, Method, Material, Man Power, and MeasurementSimilarly, many organizations create their own categories or areas in the Fishbone Diagram depending upon their needs and objectives.Fishbone diagrams distinctly differentiate between the causes and their effects. Following is one of the examples of a Fishbone Diagram. A Typical Example of a Fishbone DiagramHOW TO DO CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS? After explaining the Fishbone Diagrams in detail, it is now time to discuss how to use them to do Cause and Effect Analysis. The purpose of the Fishbone Diagram in general and the CEA in the particular is to analyze all the findings together and determine the most important factors to solve a problem or attain a goal.There are usually four steps in Cause and Effect Analysis that are identification of the problem, brainstorming or identifying major factors that are part of the problem, determining root causes and finally, development of an action plan to resolve these problems. Step 1:   Identifying the ProblemMultiple causes can lead to a single problem. Therefore, it is your duty to clearly identify and address the problem in this stage if you want to find the right solutions.For the sake of explanation, we take the example of a design studio. In the first step of CEA, they have determined that they are not getting much business due to lack of creativity among their designers.Therefore, the main problem is the lack of creativity which will be displayed on the head of the Fishbone diagram as shown in the following figure. Step 2: Identifying the Main Factors      After determining the main problem, the second step is to identify the main causes why designers are lacking creativity. In this particular example, the four main causes are people, machines, material and manpower.In this example, we are using the 4 M’s method of categorizing causes.You can drag a line from the cause side on the left for each of the four categories to connect them to effect or problem on the right side. Step 3: Investigating CausesThe third step is to determine and investigate all of the causes responsible for the lack of creativity. You need to thoroughly explore your business processes. Similarly, you need to run system check of all your equipment and find if there is any fault with it.Do the computers you have provided to your designers are able to run the latest designing software? Do you provide your employees with excellent work environment? Are the employees satisfied with their jobs and roles? Do they get enough compensation for their services? Do they really understand the design process? Do your project managers brief them about the projects?Similarly, other causes include hiring people with wrong skills, fixed working hours, lack of necessary training, lack of motivation or skill and underappreciated or undervalued performances etc. These may be some of the reasons why designers do not exhibit much creativity in their work. In this stage, the Fishbone Diagram will look li ke as under. Step 4: AnalyzeOnce you have organized all of the causes into their respective categories and the diagram is complete, you need to analyze and discuss each of the above problems with your managers and designers. It is even better if you further categorize the problems depending upon the level of their influence on the problem and priority.You may also need to use various research methods such as surveys, focus groups and interviews to understand different causes. For instance, you can interview each designer to learn how much he understands the design processes. Subsequently, you can use the findings to develop relevant training programs or courses for your employees in order to address the problem of insufficient knowledge.In our example, the Cause and Effect Analysis will enable both the managers and designers to find the actual problem related to lack of creativity in the team and find the right solutions. CEA actually investigates the relation between the possible causes of a pro blem and its effect on the business. You get a better understanding of how each cause is contributing to the final problem. Similarly, you are able to address each problem based on its priority. This is exactly what you need to do as the owner of your design company to promote creativity within your team of designers.It is also in this step that you develop a clear action plan for future. The action plan should contain clear priorities, goals and objectives and should be implemented as soon as possible. Similarly, the plan should describe in detail how you are going to solve all the problems and sub-problems for good. You also need to follow your plan vigorously for it to be effective.You can also convert a sub-cause such as lack of motivation into a full-fledged action plan, the purpose of which is to promote staff motivation through various incentives. As a result, staff engagement and productivity will enhance and ultimately, the profitability will improve.THE 5 WHYS? You can als o use another extremely useful tool that is the 5 Whys in conjunction with the Fishbone Diagram to carry out CEA. As the title suggests, you can ask 5 different questions or “Whys” to determine the root cause of any problem. Following is an example of how to use this particular technique.Why are we not getting much business of late?Because there is lack of creativity in our design team.Whyis there lack of creativity in our team?Because there is lack of motivation.Why is there lack of motivation?Because they do not have the latest equipment as designers in some other companies do.Why don’t they have the latest equipment?Because the project manager didn’t deem it necessary to purchase sophisticated laptops to run modern designing software.Why he made the decision not to buy latest equipment?Because he does not have enough knowledge of design process and its requirements. He is actually an accounts manager who was appointed as overall project manager because of his loyalty to t he organization. All he does is to find the ways to save money.You can reach to the root causeof every problem you face by asking 5 Whys. Furthermore, the 5 Whys technique also helps you find smaller problems and their causes and sub-causes quite easily.SOME TIPS FOR USING CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHOD EFFECTIVELYThere are some really nice tips for effectively using CEA to find business problems and their exact causes. Some of these tips include but are not limited to the following.Encourage all members of your team to participate.Apply all the brainstorming rules because it is essentially a brainstorming session.Only discuss one idea at a time. It will encourage your team members to come up with more creative ideas.The person discussing the idea should also mention which bone of the fish it belongs to.Pin a single idea to multiple bones if possible. For instance, the lack of motivation in above example can go to both machine and manpower bones.Do not start analyzing problems and causes while you are drawing a diagram. Similarly, never criticize anyone while he is presenting his ideas. This also include non-verbal criticism such as leaving the meeting or shaking of your head.Try to find new ideas from any idea being discussed.You should always use the major bones to find sub-causes of the problem. For instance, think about how your business methods and procedures can cause the problem under discussion.Return to each idea and cause that has already been discussed. Try to develop smaller bones or branches by asking questions like “Why does that happen?” or “How does that happen?”Always be honest and open. You should have the courage to state the cause or idea which no one else wants to openly discuss.SOME ADVANTAGES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHODWe have already discussed a lot of disadvantages of the CEA. Some more advantages of the method are as under.It helps you define the relationship between problems and their causes.The method works on the principle of joint brainstorming sessions.CEA prevents you from adopting traditional thinking methods which distract you from the actual problems. On the other hand, brainstorming steers you towards attaining your actual goal.You eventually reach to the root cause of every problem through brainstorming and asking 5 Whys repeatedly.A fishbone diagram helps you identify both the root and casual causes of the problem. Subsequently, you can prioritize the causes and handle them accordingly.SOME DISADVANTAGES OF DEAThere are certain demerits of everything and DEA is no exception. In this regard, following are some of the disadvantages of DEA.Brainstorming can result in time and energy drain.Brainstorming sometimes leads to irrelevant causes of problems as well.Brainstorming does not consider facts and evidences and is only a bunch of different opinions.If you are dealing with complex problems, you will have to draw a really big diagram with a lot of branches and smaller bones. This may t ake a lot of time, energy and space.It is difficult to show complex interrelationship of multiple causes and factors on the diagram.CONCLUSIONCause and Effect Analysis Method is a great tool to solve both simple and complex business problems. It is easy to understand and simple to implement.In most cases, it helps you reach the exact cause of the problem, enabling you to find the right and long lasting solutions as well.

Kite Runner Book Review - 2200 Words

Kite Runner Book Review (Book Review Sample) Content: Author's Name:Instructors Name:Course:Date:The Kite RunnerThe novel Kite Runner is a storyline set against the backdrop of tumultuous events following the decline of Afghanistan's monarchy under the Soviet Military intention. It also gives a detailed ordeal of the migration of refugees and Taliban to Pakistan and U.S. The main characters are Amir, Hassan and Baba, who take the center stage and play dignified roles in the novel. The narrator of the story is Amir. He is a Sunni Muslim and the main protagonist in the novel. He undergoes a traumatic childhood experience in Afghanistan and strives hard to establish his true identity despite his devastating childhood encounters. Amir and Hassan spend their childhood days playing kite fight in the hitherto peaceful city of Kabul. Nevertheless, Hassan is a successful 'kite runner' for Amir. The novel creatively uses lots of stylistic devices to describe circumstances. Symbolism is one of them. Its prominence in the book impli es that there is much to learn from it. As events unfold, the occurrence of various events seems to have been prophesied. For example, the kites in the book forecast about anticipated fate. On the other hand, the slingshot represents the two generations; both childhoods of Amir and Hassan in which Hassan and Sohrab use slingshots to stop Assef. The striking, conspicuous and most prominent theme brought out in 'Kite Runner' is relationships. This essay illustrates how characters in the novel handle relationships, how they relate to each other, their perceptions as well as how significant relationships are to the society and the nation at large. As a matter of fact, relationships are crucial for the growth and development of a community as well as a country. Nevertheless, the essay navigates into three arguments including parent-child relationships, family unity, and communication.Parent-child relationship. The manner of nurturing children has a lot to say about the kind of parental l ove shown to them. Ideally, parent-child relationships are crucial in child development. Nurturing a child especially during the early development stages helps instill morals and behaviors in the kid and most importantly inculcates character in him. In the novel, Amir undergoes bitter childhood upbringing, and though his father loves both Amir and Hassan, he disregards Amir by considering him weak and lacking the courage (Noor and Khaled 78).Amir craves for his father's affection but with little success. Though his father claims to love him, he favors Hassan. Consequently, this is evident in the instance in which Baba undertook an expensive adventure by paying for Hassan's plastic surgery in a bid to repair his lip. Baba fails to encourage Amir and does not hang out around with him most of the time due to his busy business schedules. Furthermore, he does not motivate Amir in his writing career and shows less concern about him. Amir feels this rift and longs for his father's affectio n. However, Amir finds a kinder figure in Rahim Khan who is Baba's closest friend. Rahim loves Amir and supports his nature and his talent as a writer. Amir chooses to be inactive and not to confront bullies and aggressors even when he has the chance to. Consequently, his choice of inaction leads to a chain of guilt, lies, betrayal and 'cowardice' as Baba refers it (Noor Khaled 78).However, the primary cause of deception is due to the strained relationship between Baba and Amir especially during his childhood. Betrayal is considered abominable and is cyclical in the novel. In most of the sceneries, Amir makes frantic effort to deal with the guilt of betrayal and failing to rescue his half-brother, Hassan. He tries every inch to avoid and evade the guilt, but, unfortunately, it follows him all along. Avoiding the blame, however, does nothing towards his redemption. Guilt causes him to cringe every time Hassan's name mentioned. Additionally, Amir feels betray upon realizing that all he thought and perceived about his father is false (Edward 20). Feelings of betrayal and punishment are not enough to redeem Amir. Rescuing Sohrab from Assef is also not enough to redeem him. However, in efforts to find the inner peace and correct his bitter past, Amir's rescues Sohrab from the hands of Assef. He takes him to America so that he can enjoy the freedom and find happiness.Family Unity. For success, stability, peace and growth in the society, unity especially in the family set up has to be harnessed. Unity in the family begins with parental love and extends to love among siblings. If this doesn't work out, little if any can be done to unite such a family. Harmony is a vital characteristic of unity in the family. Charity begins at home and attaining unity requires the existence of love among family members. The novel Kite Runner has much to say concerning family unity. Kinship ties are seen to be concrete in the novel. Hassan's upholds a brotherly relationship with Amir a nd his love for his half-brother is selfless (Noor and Khaled 78). His character becomes evident when he fails to hold hard feelings for those who wrong him and fails to give directions to the Taliban to Amir and Baba's house. He trades his life with love. On the other hand, Amir's love for Hassan is however dominated by selfishness. Amir fails to rescue his half-brother at the time he needs him most. Disunity in the society and nation is what causes the Soviet Union militarily to invade Afghanistan five years later in which the nationals flee the country for their lives and migrate to safer zones. Unfortunately, many die in the process. Amir and Baba find their escape route to Peshawar, Pakistan, and then they migrate to Fremont, California where they find shelter in a run-down apartment (SparkNotes 28). It all starts at the family level. Unity in the family resonates unity in the nation. On the contrary, disunity brews violence, and division. Social, political, economic and ethnic tensions are the resultant effects of disunity. The socioeconomic setting in the novel represents disunity and religious discrimination between the majority and the minority. The majority are the Sunni Muslims while the minority are the Shi'a Muslims. Additionally, socioeconomic disparities in United States are evident in the instance in which Baba and many other immigrants surrender their lives of prosperity in exchange of poverty, suffering, hard labor and reduced wages. The only way to restore family unity is through reunion. Amir is an epitome of to heal the wounds of family disunity. After getting back to his cradle land, he reunites with his friend and saves Sohrab after being sexually abused and occasionally dancing for Assef while dressed in women's clothes. In order relinquish Sohrab, Amir agrees to engage in a fight with Assef. However, Assef beats Amir severely and breaks several of his bones. It is in this instance when Sohrab uses a slingshot to fire a brass ball in As sef's left (Newsmakers for Students 21). As evident enough, family unity is paramount, and when it is absent, violence takes root. The pivotal scene in myriad occasions is violence. Apart from the political tensions in the country, Assef is an older boy with a sadistic taste of violence attacks Amir, Hassan, and Sohrab. In an attempt to attack Amir, Hassan intervenes and threatens to shoot Assef with his slingshot and Assef shows a white flag but swears to revenge. Assef also sexually abuses the children at the orphanages and Sohrab happens to be the recent victim but is saved by Amir (Michelle 14). Other consequences of disunity include unforgiveness. Amir actively witnesses Assef beating, raping and severely inflicting wounds on Hassan but is too scared to help him. Though he feels guilty and responsible for the occurrence, Hassan nonetheless forgives Amir. He is selfless and holds no hard feelings against Amir ((Noor and Khaled 78).Communication. Communication among family member s is a vital and absence of it causes the family members to live like strangers to one another. Communication among siblings and between parents promotes understanding and unity in the family. The novel 'The Kite Runner', provides vivid descriptions of how important communication is in the family set up. Communication barriers disrupt the informational flow among family members. In the novel, Amir is seen to strive hard in rekindling his relationship with his father, Baba (Lev 43). He plays the role of an unlikable coward who failed to help his best friend in myriad needy situations. As as a result, Amir believes that it would be better for Hassan not to be around. He, therefore, plots against Hassan by placing a watch and some amount of money beneath the surface of his mattress. To him, this would make Baba furious and consequently chase away Hassan. Upon confrontation, Hassan falsely confesses to Baba. Although Baba is strongly against stealing, he nevertheless forgives Hassan. To the surprise of Baba, Hassan and Amir both leave premises and for once, Amir is freed from the daily nagging feeling of guilty although he lives under its shadow. Amir unlike his half-brother Hassan gets haunted by the guilt feelings due to lack of communication (Edward 20). Great enmity emanates between him and his half-brother. Also, the break in communication and the resultant effects are devastating as separation takes the course. Both part ways and the close brotherly ties cease to exist. Amir is also a victim of circumstances by the fact that much of the vital information about his culture and customs remains unknown to him. He feels desolate and unloved. Ideally, much of the information is availed to Amir in very desperate situations and only after terror strikes. Amir gets to understand later that Ali's death was a result of an accident at the land mine. Further, it becomes crystal clear to him that Ali was sterile and was not the biological father of Hassan. Hassan was Bab a's son ...