Berenguela of Castile

Berenguela of Castile About Berenguela of Castile Known for: job in the progression of Castile and Leon; official of Castile for her sibling Enrique I Occupation: quickly, sovereign of LeonDates: January/June 1, 1180 - November 8, 1246Also known as: Berengaria of Castile Increasingly About Berenguela of Castile Berenguela was destined to King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor Plantagenet, Queen of Castile. An organized union with Conrad II of Swabia didn't occur; he was killed in 1196 preceding the marriage was held. Berenguelas Marriage In 1197, Berenguela was hitched rather to Alfonso IX of Leon, her endowment including lands were settlement of a contention among Leon and Castile. In 1198, the Pope suspended the couple on grounds of connection. The couple had five youngsters before they broke up the marriage in 1204 to evacuate their expulsion. Berenguela moved back to her dads Castilian court, with her kids. Berenguela and Castile At the point when her dad, Alfonso VIII, kicked the bucket in 1214, her mom Eleanors pain was incredible to such an extent that Berenguela needed to deal with the entombment of Alfonso. Eleanor passed on not exactly a month after her significant other did. Berenguela then got official for her young sibling, Enrique (Henry) I. Enrique passed on in 1217, slaughtered by a falling rooftop tile. Berenguela, the oldest little girl of Alfonso VIII, denied her own case to the seat for her child, Ferdinand III, later to be consecrated as Saint Ferdinand. Berenguela and Alfonso IX - Battles Over Succession Berenguelas previous spouse, Alfonso IX, accepted he reserved the option to lead Castile, and he assaulted Berenguela and Ferdinand who won the fight. Berenguela and Alfonso IX likewise battled about who might succeed Alfonso in Leon. He needed his girls by his first spouse to be favored in the progression. Alfonso attempted to wed one of these senior girls to John of Brienne, a French aristocrat and crusader who had been named King of Jerusalem. Be that as it may, John chose rather Berenguela of Leon, a girl of Alfonso by his second spouse Berenguela of Castile. A portion of their descendents became Englands House of Lancaster. Unification Under Ferdinand When Alfonso IX of Leon kicked the bucket in 1230, Ferdinand and his mom Berenguela arranged a settlement with Ferdinands stepsisters, and he united Leon and Castile. Berenguela of Castile stayed a functioning counsel of her child, Ferdinand III. Foundation, Family: Mother: Eleanor, Queen of Castile, a girl of Henry II of England and Eleanor of AquitaineFather: Alfonso VIII of CastileSiblings included: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal; Blanche of Castile, Queen of France; Mafalda; Constanza; Eleanor of Castile; Enrique (Henry) I of Castile Marriage, Children: Spouse: King Alfonso IX of Leon (wedded 1197-1204)Children:EleanorFerdinand IIIAlfonsoBerengariaConstance

Chinas increasing presence in sub-Saharan Africa Literature review

Chinas expanding nearness in sub-Saharan Africa - Literature survey Example Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris (2007, p.3) note that China is one of the quickest developing economies on the planet. The quick advancement has especially been experienced in the course of the most recent couple of decades. The development has been credited to the monetary limiting combined with improved proficiency (Adisu, Sharkey, and Okoroafo 2010). Information shows that China was the third biggest economy on the planet in 2004, and yet positioned 129th regarding per capita in light of the fact that it is the most crowded nation on the planet with over a billion people as indicated by the World Development Indicators (Bloomberg 2010). The Central bank of China anticipated that the economy of the nation was to develop by 9.2% in 2006 (Trofimov 2007). Be that as it may, as at the second quarter of 2006, the Chinese economy had developed by 11.3%, which was the most noteworthy on the planet in 2006 as indicated by De Lorenzo (2007). The development in Chinese economy is additionally credited to its dynamic job in the worldwide economy, especially in Sub-Saharan nations where China has contributed vigorously throughout the most recent couple of decades. As at 2006, the Chinese economy was anticipated to surpass the U.K. what's more, become the fourth biggest on the planet. China acquires over 28% of its gas and oil from sub-Saharan Africa, which among the most noteworthy hotel the world as per Ajakaiye (2006, p.11-13). Sautman and Hairong (2007, p.16-18) note that the development of exchange among China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has improved altogether in the course of the most recent couple of decades. In such manner, the information accessible shows that in 2003, the exchange among China and SAA was esteemed at $18.5 billion, which was a huge improvement in contrast with the 2002, which enrolled $12.39 billion. (Swartz and Hall 2010). By and by China positions among the top exchanging accomplices with SSA with Gabon being the second biggest customer after the U.S. A portion of the SSA where Chinese ventures are profoundly observable incorporates Kenya, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, South Africa, and Tanzania, Algeria and South Africa just to give some examples (Taylor 2006, P. 937-939). The Chinese organizations, especially the Building and Public Works (BPW) are contending effectively against different organizations in Africa (Muekalia 2004). This is apparent from the Chinese increment in infrastru ctural ventures, a field that numerous specialists state China has high mastery as substantiated by Zafar (2007). China’s thought processes in its quality in Africa Oil stores are apparently one reason why China has had a great deal of enthusiasm for putting resources into SSA. Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007, p.14) uncover that the administration of China has every one of the a since quite a while ago been on edge with respect to the country’s vitality reliance. For example, Kaplinsky, McCormick and Morris (2007) note that China was the eighth driving oil merchant in 2000 and rose to fourth in 2006. China’s oil import was anticipated to increment to the degree that it was probably going to surpass nations like Japan and Japan by 2010 (Fine, and Jomo 2005, p.76). ORAM (2005) refers to that the reliance on oil imports present a significant test to the global obligation china plans to attempt. A report shows that Indonesia, Iran, and Oman, for quite a while, have been the rule providers of oil to China (Anshan 2007, P.70). In any case, a portion of the oil delivering nations that China has relied upon is experiencing consumption, for example, the Indonesian oil saves. Further, the U.S. has had the option to unite its command over Middle East Oil aside from Iran since its intercession in Iraq (Wang and Bio-Tchane 2008). Also, the oil stores in

Biography of Georgy Zhukov, World War II Soviet General

Memoir of Georgy Zhukov, World War II Soviet General Marshal Georgy Zhukov (December 1, 1896â€June 18, 1974) was the most significant and best Russian general in World War II. He was answerable for the effective protection of Moscow, Stalingrad, and Leningrad against German powers and in the end pushed them back to Germany. He drove the last assault on Berlin, and he was so famous after the war that Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, feeling compromised, downgraded him and moved him to darken territorial orders. Quick Facts: Marshal Georgy Zhukov Rank: MarshalService: Soviet Red ArmyBorn: Dec. 1, 1896 in Strelkovka, RussiaDied: June 18, 1974 in Moscow RussiaParents: Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov, Ustinina Artemievna ZhukovaSpouse(s): Alexandra Dievna Zuikova, Galina Alexandrovna SemyonovaConflicts: World War IIKnown For: Battle of Moscow, Battleâ of Stalingrad, Battle of Berlin Early Life Georgy Zhukov was conceived on December 1, 1896, in Strelkovka, Russia, to his dad, Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov, a shoemaker, and his mom, Ustinina Artemievna Zhukova, a rancher. He had a senior sister named Maria. Subsequent to working in the fields as a kid, Zhukov was apprenticed to a furrier in Moscow at age 12. Finishing his apprenticeship four years after the fact in 1912, Zhukov entered the business. His profession demonstrated brief on the grounds that in July 1915, he was drafted into the Russian Army to decently serve during World War I. Following the October Revolution in 1917, Zhukov turned into an individual from the Bolshevik Party and joined the Red Army. Battling in the Russian Civil War (1918-1921), Zhukov proceeded in the mounted force, presenting with the popular first Cavalry Army. At the wars end, he was granted the Order of the Red Banner for his job in putting down the 1921 Tambov Rebellion. Consistently ascending through the positions, Zhukov was provided order of a mounted force division in 1933 and later was named appointee administrator of the Byelorussian Military District. Far East Campaign Sidestepping Russian pioneer Joseph Stalins Great Purge of the Red Army (1937-1939), Zhukov was chosen to order the First Soviet Mongolian Army Group in 1938. Entrusted with halting Japanese hostility along the Mongolian-Manchurian outskirt, Zhukov showed up after the Soviet triumph at the Battle of Lake Khasan. In May 1939, battling continued among Soviet and Japanese powers. They skirmished through the mid year, with neither increasing a preferred position. Zhukov propelled a significant ambush on August 20, nailing down the Japanese while defensively covered sections cleared around their flanks. In the wake of surrounding the 23rd Division, Zhukov demolished it, driving the couple of staying Japanese back to the outskirt. As Stalin was arranging the intrusion of Poland, the crusade in Mongolia finished and a harmony understanding was marked on September 15. For his authority, Zhukov was made a Hero of the Soviet Union and was elevated to general and head of general staff of the Red Army in January 1941. On June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union was attacked by Nazi Germany, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. World War II As Soviet powers endured turns around on all fronts, Zhukov was constrained to sign the Directive of Peoples Commissariat of Defense No. 3, which required a progression of counterattacks. Contending against the plans in the mandate, he was demonstrated right when they endured substantial misfortunes. On July 29, Zhukov was sacked as head of general staff subsequent to prescribing to Stalin that Kiev be surrendered. Stalin can't, and in excess of 600,000 men were caught after the city was encompassed by the Germans. That October, Zhukov was provided order of the Soviet powers safeguarding Moscow, soothing Gen. Semyon Timoshenko. To help in the citys safeguard, Zhukov reviewed Soviet powers positioned in the Far East, rapidly moving them the nation over. Strengthened, Zhukov safeguarded the city before propelling a counterattack on December 5, pushing the Germans 60 to 150 miles from the city. A short time later, Zhukov was made delegate president and was sent toward the southwestern front to assume responsibility for the protection of Stalingrad. While the powers in the city, drove by Gen. Vasily Chuikov, combat the Germans, Zhukov and General Aleksandr Vasilevsky arranged Operation Uranus. A monstrous counterattack, Uranus was intended to encompass and encompass the German sixth Army in Stalingrad. Propelled on November 19, Soviet powers assaulted north and south of the city. On Feb. 2, the enclosed German powers at long last gave up. As tasks at Stalingrad finished up, Zhukov regulated Operation Spark, which opened a course into the attacked city of Leningrad in January 1943. Zhukov was named a marshal of the Soviet military, and that late spring he counseled for the central leadership on the arrangement for the Battle of Kursk. Accurately speculating German expectations, Zhukov exhorted taking a guarded position and letting the German powers exhaust themselves. His suggestions were acknowledged and Kursk got one of the incomparable Soviet triumphs of the war. Coming back toward the northern front, Zhukov lifted the attack of Leningrad in January 1944 preceding arranging Operation Bagration. Intended to clear Belarus and eastern Poland, Bagration was propelled on June 22, 1944. It was a dazzling triumph, Zhukovs powers halting just when their flexibly lines became overextended. At that point, leading the Soviet push into Germany, Zhukovs men vanquished the Germans at Oder-Neisse and Seelow Heights before surrounding Berlin. Subsequent to engaging to take the city, Zhukov directed the marking of one of the Instruments of Surrender in Berlin on May 8, 1945. To perceive his wartime accomplishments, Zhukov was given the respect of investigating the Victory Parade in Moscow that June. After war Activity Following the war, Zhukov was made incomparable military administrator of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany. He stayed in this post for not exactly a year, as Stalin, compromised by Zhukovs prevalence, evacuated him and later alloted him to the unglamorous Odessa Military District. With Stalins passing in 1953, Zhukov came back to support and filled in as agent resistance serve and later protection serve. Despite the fact that at first a supporter of Soviet pioneer Nikita Khrushchev, Zhukov was expelled from his service and the Communist Party Central Committee in June 1957 after the two contended over armed force approach. In spite of the fact that he was preferred by Communist Party General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Soviet pioneer Aleksei Kosygin, Zhukov was never given another job in the legislature. He stayed in relative lack of definition until Khrushchev tumbled from power in October 1964. Demise Zhukov wedded late throughout everyday life, in 1953, to Alexandra Dievna Zuikova, with whom he had two girls, Era and Ella. Following their separation, in 1965 he wedded Galina Alexandrovna Semyonova, a previous military official in the Soviet Medical Corps. They had a little girl, Maria. The World War II saint was hospitalized subsequent to enduring a genuine stroke in 1967 and passed on after another stroke on June 18, 1974, in Moscow. Heritage Georgy Zhukov stayed a most loved of the Russian individuals long after the war. He was granted Hero of the Soviet Union multiple times in his profession 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1956-and got numerous other Soviet enrichments, including the Order of Victory (twice) and the Order of Lenin. He likewise got various remote honors, including the Grand Cross of the Legion dHonneur (France, 1945) and the Chief Commander, Legion of Merit (U.S., 1945). He was permitted to distribute his collection of memoirs, Marshal of Victory, in 1969.

Ethical use of information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Moral utilization of data - Essay Example Dishonest acts can be dictated by the AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics. Also, one can decide an uncommon concern identified with a specific issue (Al-Fedaghi, 2012). Subsequent to establishing that the dishonest direct has happened, one may need to move toward the expert and discussion about the worries. Consideration ought to be centered around the conceivable negative effect on the patient and the honesty of training. Reports could likewise be made to the organization, or more significant position authority in regards to how the issue. Besides, organizations ought to set up channels for revealing taking care of exploitative practice inside the establishment. All medical attendants should help with distinguishing deceptive practices that could hurt a patient’s prosperity. Announcing ought to be founded on precise realities and not just sentiment. In spite of the way that revealing may put a medical caretaker in danger, it ought not take out commitment to address deceptive practice that influence understanding security (Goodman, et al., 2011). Goodman, K. W., Berner, E. S., Dente, M. A., Kaplan, B., Koppel, R., Rucker, D., . . . Winkelstein, P. (2011). Difficulties in morals, security, best practices, and oversight with respect to HIT sellers, their clients and patients: a report of an AMIA uncommon team. Diary of the American Medical Informatics Association,

International Business - Multinational Enterprises - Cross Boundary Research Paper

Worldwide Business - Multinational Enterprises - Cross Boundary Expansions - Research Paper Example (So and Westward, 2009) By 2007, â€Å"Taobao held 82 percent of the market, as per Analysys International† and eBay sold out of the EachNet adventure, keeping up just its www.ebay.cn activities, which were not received in a boundless way for household Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) web based business exchange in China. (So and Westward, 2009) eBay can likewise be believed to have bombed in the headway of it PayPal procedure in China, which was outperformed by AliPay in use by Chinese shoppers. What is generally striking in these models is that eBay had the upper hands of previous market predominance, brand name acknowledgment, association with the prevailing web based business sell off site in China, and still flopped in keeping up these market positions, however rather turned into a minority business administrator in the Chinese household commercial center for online sell-offs. ... eBay’s inability to regard the neighborhood elements of Chinese culture and its examples of web use, its concentrated corporate system universally, just as its inability to comprehend the danger of TaoBao to its plan of action in China all prompted the eBay’s cross-limit development technique globally being ineffective in achieving its points of remote market foundation, expanded organization benefit, and the production of long haul investor esteem. eBay †Company History eBay is broadly viewed as one of the main examples of overcoming adversity of the Web 1.0 time, or the â€Å"dot-com boom† period in the late 1990’s that saw numerous web organizations open up to the world about extremely high measures of securities exchange theory. eBay was established by Pierre Omidyar in 1995 and Meg Whitman joined the organization in 1998 with related knowledge at Hasbro and Harvard Business School. (Gomes-Casseres, 2001) eBay outsmarted other web organizations, f or example, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Amazon.com to gain noteworthy income from internet business deals dependent on the bartering and C2C model. eBay requires posting charges for individuals to publicize their products available to be purchased on the site, charges an extra level of the deal as a commission, and furthermore gets a help charge from Mastercard exchanges by means of its PayPal administrations. The organization is the pioneer in the U.S. online closeout showcase, and opened up to the world in 1998. As news sources revealed, the company’s stock took off at the hour of the IPO, â€Å"shares of eBay went up 163.2 percent† on the primary day of exchanging to close at $47.375 with a market capitalization of $1.9 billion USD. (Kawamoto and Grice, 1998) Today, eBay exchanges on the NADAQ trade under the image EBAY with a stock

How to Use Cause and Effect Analysis to Solve Any Problem

How to Use Cause and Effect Analysis to Solve Any Problem Mistakes are an indispensable part of every business, big or small. Sometimes, a mistake in your business is a real setback and can lead to a total disaster. On the other hand, it can also be a great opportunity for your business to expand even further.It all depends on how you take the mistakes and what necessary measures you take to solve the problem. Your task as an entrepreneur is to detect all the problems in your business and find their solutions before things get out of hand.It is not enough to discover and remove problems only. It is equally important to find preventive measures for all the problems, so they would never reoccur.In fact, problem solving is considered as one of the most important aspects of any business. Some companies even hire specialists whose only task is to solve problems that occur from time to time. They mostly consider various underline causes of the problems such as the interaction design, product design or service design to come up with a wide range o f solutions.However, it is also imperative to define the problem clearly to discover the right solution. The definition should include everything from its root causes to the ways it is affecting the business. There are many tools that allow entrepreneurs to target specific solution of any business problem.One such tool is the Cause and Effect Analysis Method or Diagram (CEA). This particular method enables businessmen to fully explore and define a problem before start looking for its solutions and thus, it is a great tool to prevent similar complications in the future as well. ISSUES WITH TRADITIONAL PROBLEM SOLVING METHODSBefore we discuss the Cause and Effect Analysis Method in detail, it is appropriate to discuss some of the reasons why traditional problem solving techniques in businesses do not produce the desired results. In this regard:Most of these methodspartially solve the problems.Or, they solve the problem without identifying the root causes and reasons why it occurred in the first place.They solve the problem temporarily. In most cases, the problems reoccur and considerably harm your business.Sometimes you end up identifying the reasons that are not causing the problems you are finding solutions for.Most entrepreneurs do not see the problem solving process as a business improvement process. Therefore, they normally do not pay much attention to the critical problems harming their business and leave them to others to handle.HOW CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHOD CAN HELP?How you can prevent your business from suffering a horrible fate? You can avert the disaster through proper analyses of the situation, identifying main causes of the problem and preventing them from happening again and this is what Cause and Affect Analysis does for you.Japanese Professor Kaoru Ishikawa first proposed the idea of Cause and Effect Analysis in his book “Introduction to Quality Control”, first published in 1990. Professor Ishikawa is also the pioneer in the field of Q uality Management. There are many other names of the CEA such as Ishikawa Diagram, Herringbone Diagram and Fishbone Diagram because the final diagram drawn in the Cause and Effect Analysis looks exactly like a fish skeleton.Professor Ishikawa originally introduced Fishbone Diagrams for the purpose of quality control only. However, businessmen started using it as a tool to analyze various business processes especially identification of bottlenecks in the production process and problem solving.The Fishbone diagram not only enables you to identify the causes of any problem and how it is hindering business growth but also to take preventive measures to avoid any such occurrence in the future. Cause and Effect Analysis is actually a two steps process. Firstly, you look back in the past and analyze what has gone wrong and secondly, you plan for things to come by looking into the future.Looking Back in the Past.  This step involves identifying all the areas in which you made mistakes. You actually look into the past, analyze your mistakes and try to find all possible causes. By identifying the most problematic areas, you actually take necessary measures to prevent mistakes and problems in the future. Similarly, if any area of your business performed brilliantly, you can be able to replicate the performance in the future by applying CEA.Looking into the Future.  This step involves anticipating any future scenarios and planning for them well in advance. In this step, you contemplate about future problems and find their workable solutions. Similarly, you also plan how to further build on your possible business success in the years to come. In fact, you plan what to do in the present and determine future outcome of your business based on the steps you are going to take.IMPORTANCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSISCause and Effect Analysis is one of the most popular and powerful tools for finding root causes of problems and their solutions.In this regard, a cause is root if its removal prevents the problem from reoccurring any time in future. Similarly, the problem becomes casual if it only affects the outcome of a process or an event. Therefore, the removal of the casual cause improves a business process but does not prevent a problem from reoccurring.Most business use Cause and Effect Analysis to improve their operational activities. However, there is no reason why this extremely useful tool cannot be used to identify and solve problems in projects. In fact, the project manager can successfully detect root cause of a problem that is adversely affecting the project and ultimately remove it if he manages to use Cause and Effect AnalysisMethod effectively. Unlike other popular tools, you can use CEA over and over again because it aims at continuous improvement in business processes.As the CEA helps you understand the underlying causes of a failure or problem, it can also enable you to develop a system or actions to sustain the correction. Similarly, Fishbo ne diagrams cannot only assist you in detecting problems but it also categorizes these causes into useful groups for future reference.Similarly, CEA is unique in a way that it ensures you don’t deviate of the right path and always seek solutions for the actual problems and their causes.WHAT IS A FISHBONE DIAGRAM?A Fishbone diagram is the final outcome of any cause and effect analysis carried out for determining causes and finding solutions of a problem. In fact, it is a way to look at all these causes and their effect on business visually. Fishbone diagrams enable us to brainstorm causes of a mistake or problem more easily and effectively as compared to other tools such as Lessons Learned. It is a more structured approach of accomplishing this important task. Most often, it is used in conjunction with 5 Whys Analysis, another approach to carry out CEA.The head of the fish displays the actual problem or mistake under discussion. Then there are smaller bones which list all the possi ble contributory causes in various categories. The right side of the “fish” actually lists all the problems whereas the left side denominates the possible root causes. Furthermore, you can group these causes into four distinct categories that are people, machines, materials and methods. These categories can have many further subcategories as well.Now we discuss each of these categories in some detail.PeopleAll the causes created by human actions fall into this category. This category determines whether the employees are sufficiently experienced and trained? Are they good in communicating their needs and problems? Do they understand their tasks and assignments?MachinesThis category is related to the problems caused by issues with computers, machines, installations and tools etc. In this stage, you determine whether the workers used the right tools or machines? Do the machines meet minimum requirements to perform a task? Are they safe enough? Is there any problem with the installa tion of the machines? Are they reliable or not?MaterialThe material you are using to develop your products can also cause a lot of problems for your business. You need to determine whether the material you used was of reasonable quality or not? Did you use substandard material which resulted in the failure of the final product? Was there any issue with semi-finished products and consumables?Similarly, you can also find answers to the questions like how long a material will last or has it enough resistance against foreign elements.MethodsThis category investigates whether work methods were responsible for the problem or not?You need to ascertain how your departments and employees communicated with each other? Were the business processes or work methods adequate and capable enough to carry on a special task?These categories are commonly referred to as 4M’s. However, it is not mandatory to use only these four categories or areas in your diagram. There are many other options available to you such as:The 4 P’s: Place, Procedure, People, Policies.The 4 S’s: Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills.The 5 M’s: Machine, Method, Material, Man Power, and MeasurementSimilarly, many organizations create their own categories or areas in the Fishbone Diagram depending upon their needs and objectives.Fishbone diagrams distinctly differentiate between the causes and their effects. Following is one of the examples of a Fishbone Diagram. A Typical Example of a Fishbone DiagramHOW TO DO CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS? After explaining the Fishbone Diagrams in detail, it is now time to discuss how to use them to do Cause and Effect Analysis. The purpose of the Fishbone Diagram in general and the CEA in the particular is to analyze all the findings together and determine the most important factors to solve a problem or attain a goal.There are usually four steps in Cause and Effect Analysis that are identification of the problem, brainstorming or identifying major factors that are part of the problem, determining root causes and finally, development of an action plan to resolve these problems. Step 1:   Identifying the ProblemMultiple causes can lead to a single problem. Therefore, it is your duty to clearly identify and address the problem in this stage if you want to find the right solutions.For the sake of explanation, we take the example of a design studio. In the first step of CEA, they have determined that they are not getting much business due to lack of creativity among their designers.Therefore, the main problem is the lack of creativity which will be displayed on the head of the Fishbone diagram as shown in the following figure. Step 2: Identifying the Main Factors      After determining the main problem, the second step is to identify the main causes why designers are lacking creativity. In this particular example, the four main causes are people, machines, material and manpower.In this example, we are using the 4 M’s method of categorizing causes.You can drag a line from the cause side on the left for each of the four categories to connect them to effect or problem on the right side. Step 3: Investigating CausesThe third step is to determine and investigate all of the causes responsible for the lack of creativity. You need to thoroughly explore your business processes. Similarly, you need to run system check of all your equipment and find if there is any fault with it.Do the computers you have provided to your designers are able to run the latest designing software? Do you provide your employees with excellent work environment? Are the employees satisfied with their jobs and roles? Do they get enough compensation for their services? Do they really understand the design process? Do your project managers brief them about the projects?Similarly, other causes include hiring people with wrong skills, fixed working hours, lack of necessary training, lack of motivation or skill and underappreciated or undervalued performances etc. These may be some of the reasons why designers do not exhibit much creativity in their work. In this stage, the Fishbone Diagram will look li ke as under. Step 4: AnalyzeOnce you have organized all of the causes into their respective categories and the diagram is complete, you need to analyze and discuss each of the above problems with your managers and designers. It is even better if you further categorize the problems depending upon the level of their influence on the problem and priority.You may also need to use various research methods such as surveys, focus groups and interviews to understand different causes. For instance, you can interview each designer to learn how much he understands the design processes. Subsequently, you can use the findings to develop relevant training programs or courses for your employees in order to address the problem of insufficient knowledge.In our example, the Cause and Effect Analysis will enable both the managers and designers to find the actual problem related to lack of creativity in the team and find the right solutions. CEA actually investigates the relation between the possible causes of a pro blem and its effect on the business. You get a better understanding of how each cause is contributing to the final problem. Similarly, you are able to address each problem based on its priority. This is exactly what you need to do as the owner of your design company to promote creativity within your team of designers.It is also in this step that you develop a clear action plan for future. The action plan should contain clear priorities, goals and objectives and should be implemented as soon as possible. Similarly, the plan should describe in detail how you are going to solve all the problems and sub-problems for good. You also need to follow your plan vigorously for it to be effective.You can also convert a sub-cause such as lack of motivation into a full-fledged action plan, the purpose of which is to promote staff motivation through various incentives. As a result, staff engagement and productivity will enhance and ultimately, the profitability will improve.THE 5 WHYS? You can als o use another extremely useful tool that is the 5 Whys in conjunction with the Fishbone Diagram to carry out CEA. As the title suggests, you can ask 5 different questions or “Whys” to determine the root cause of any problem. Following is an example of how to use this particular technique.Why are we not getting much business of late?Because there is lack of creativity in our design team.Whyis there lack of creativity in our team?Because there is lack of motivation.Why is there lack of motivation?Because they do not have the latest equipment as designers in some other companies do.Why don’t they have the latest equipment?Because the project manager didn’t deem it necessary to purchase sophisticated laptops to run modern designing software.Why he made the decision not to buy latest equipment?Because he does not have enough knowledge of design process and its requirements. He is actually an accounts manager who was appointed as overall project manager because of his loyalty to t he organization. All he does is to find the ways to save money.You can reach to the root causeof every problem you face by asking 5 Whys. Furthermore, the 5 Whys technique also helps you find smaller problems and their causes and sub-causes quite easily.SOME TIPS FOR USING CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHOD EFFECTIVELYThere are some really nice tips for effectively using CEA to find business problems and their exact causes. Some of these tips include but are not limited to the following.Encourage all members of your team to participate.Apply all the brainstorming rules because it is essentially a brainstorming session.Only discuss one idea at a time. It will encourage your team members to come up with more creative ideas.The person discussing the idea should also mention which bone of the fish it belongs to.Pin a single idea to multiple bones if possible. For instance, the lack of motivation in above example can go to both machine and manpower bones.Do not start analyzing problems and causes while you are drawing a diagram. Similarly, never criticize anyone while he is presenting his ideas. This also include non-verbal criticism such as leaving the meeting or shaking of your head.Try to find new ideas from any idea being discussed.You should always use the major bones to find sub-causes of the problem. For instance, think about how your business methods and procedures can cause the problem under discussion.Return to each idea and cause that has already been discussed. Try to develop smaller bones or branches by asking questions like “Why does that happen?” or “How does that happen?”Always be honest and open. You should have the courage to state the cause or idea which no one else wants to openly discuss.SOME ADVANTAGES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHODWe have already discussed a lot of disadvantages of the CEA. Some more advantages of the method are as under.It helps you define the relationship between problems and their causes.The method works on the principle of joint brainstorming sessions.CEA prevents you from adopting traditional thinking methods which distract you from the actual problems. On the other hand, brainstorming steers you towards attaining your actual goal.You eventually reach to the root cause of every problem through brainstorming and asking 5 Whys repeatedly.A fishbone diagram helps you identify both the root and casual causes of the problem. Subsequently, you can prioritize the causes and handle them accordingly.SOME DISADVANTAGES OF DEAThere are certain demerits of everything and DEA is no exception. In this regard, following are some of the disadvantages of DEA.Brainstorming can result in time and energy drain.Brainstorming sometimes leads to irrelevant causes of problems as well.Brainstorming does not consider facts and evidences and is only a bunch of different opinions.If you are dealing with complex problems, you will have to draw a really big diagram with a lot of branches and smaller bones. This may t ake a lot of time, energy and space.It is difficult to show complex interrelationship of multiple causes and factors on the diagram.CONCLUSIONCause and Effect Analysis Method is a great tool to solve both simple and complex business problems. It is easy to understand and simple to implement.In most cases, it helps you reach the exact cause of the problem, enabling you to find the right and long lasting solutions as well.

Kite Runner Book Review - 2200 Words

Kite Runner Book Review (Book Review Sample) Content: Author's Name:Instructors Name:Course:Date:The Kite RunnerThe novel Kite Runner is a storyline set against the backdrop of tumultuous events following the decline of Afghanistan's monarchy under the Soviet Military intention. It also gives a detailed ordeal of the migration of refugees and Taliban to Pakistan and U.S. The main characters are Amir, Hassan and Baba, who take the center stage and play dignified roles in the novel. The narrator of the story is Amir. He is a Sunni Muslim and the main protagonist in the novel. He undergoes a traumatic childhood experience in Afghanistan and strives hard to establish his true identity despite his devastating childhood encounters. Amir and Hassan spend their childhood days playing kite fight in the hitherto peaceful city of Kabul. Nevertheless, Hassan is a successful 'kite runner' for Amir. The novel creatively uses lots of stylistic devices to describe circumstances. Symbolism is one of them. Its prominence in the book impli es that there is much to learn from it. As events unfold, the occurrence of various events seems to have been prophesied. For example, the kites in the book forecast about anticipated fate. On the other hand, the slingshot represents the two generations; both childhoods of Amir and Hassan in which Hassan and Sohrab use slingshots to stop Assef. The striking, conspicuous and most prominent theme brought out in 'Kite Runner' is relationships. This essay illustrates how characters in the novel handle relationships, how they relate to each other, their perceptions as well as how significant relationships are to the society and the nation at large. As a matter of fact, relationships are crucial for the growth and development of a community as well as a country. Nevertheless, the essay navigates into three arguments including parent-child relationships, family unity, and communication.Parent-child relationship. The manner of nurturing children has a lot to say about the kind of parental l ove shown to them. Ideally, parent-child relationships are crucial in child development. Nurturing a child especially during the early development stages helps instill morals and behaviors in the kid and most importantly inculcates character in him. In the novel, Amir undergoes bitter childhood upbringing, and though his father loves both Amir and Hassan, he disregards Amir by considering him weak and lacking the courage (Noor and Khaled 78).Amir craves for his father's affection but with little success. Though his father claims to love him, he favors Hassan. Consequently, this is evident in the instance in which Baba undertook an expensive adventure by paying for Hassan's plastic surgery in a bid to repair his lip. Baba fails to encourage Amir and does not hang out around with him most of the time due to his busy business schedules. Furthermore, he does not motivate Amir in his writing career and shows less concern about him. Amir feels this rift and longs for his father's affectio n. However, Amir finds a kinder figure in Rahim Khan who is Baba's closest friend. Rahim loves Amir and supports his nature and his talent as a writer. Amir chooses to be inactive and not to confront bullies and aggressors even when he has the chance to. Consequently, his choice of inaction leads to a chain of guilt, lies, betrayal and 'cowardice' as Baba refers it (Noor Khaled 78).However, the primary cause of deception is due to the strained relationship between Baba and Amir especially during his childhood. Betrayal is considered abominable and is cyclical in the novel. In most of the sceneries, Amir makes frantic effort to deal with the guilt of betrayal and failing to rescue his half-brother, Hassan. He tries every inch to avoid and evade the guilt, but, unfortunately, it follows him all along. Avoiding the blame, however, does nothing towards his redemption. Guilt causes him to cringe every time Hassan's name mentioned. Additionally, Amir feels betray upon realizing that all he thought and perceived about his father is false (Edward 20). Feelings of betrayal and punishment are not enough to redeem Amir. Rescuing Sohrab from Assef is also not enough to redeem him. However, in efforts to find the inner peace and correct his bitter past, Amir's rescues Sohrab from the hands of Assef. He takes him to America so that he can enjoy the freedom and find happiness.Family Unity. For success, stability, peace and growth in the society, unity especially in the family set up has to be harnessed. Unity in the family begins with parental love and extends to love among siblings. If this doesn't work out, little if any can be done to unite such a family. Harmony is a vital characteristic of unity in the family. Charity begins at home and attaining unity requires the existence of love among family members. The novel Kite Runner has much to say concerning family unity. Kinship ties are seen to be concrete in the novel. Hassan's upholds a brotherly relationship with Amir a nd his love for his half-brother is selfless (Noor and Khaled 78). His character becomes evident when he fails to hold hard feelings for those who wrong him and fails to give directions to the Taliban to Amir and Baba's house. He trades his life with love. On the other hand, Amir's love for Hassan is however dominated by selfishness. Amir fails to rescue his half-brother at the time he needs him most. Disunity in the society and nation is what causes the Soviet Union militarily to invade Afghanistan five years later in which the nationals flee the country for their lives and migrate to safer zones. Unfortunately, many die in the process. Amir and Baba find their escape route to Peshawar, Pakistan, and then they migrate to Fremont, California where they find shelter in a run-down apartment (SparkNotes 28). It all starts at the family level. Unity in the family resonates unity in the nation. On the contrary, disunity brews violence, and division. Social, political, economic and ethnic tensions are the resultant effects of disunity. The socioeconomic setting in the novel represents disunity and religious discrimination between the majority and the minority. The majority are the Sunni Muslims while the minority are the Shi'a Muslims. Additionally, socioeconomic disparities in United States are evident in the instance in which Baba and many other immigrants surrender their lives of prosperity in exchange of poverty, suffering, hard labor and reduced wages. The only way to restore family unity is through reunion. Amir is an epitome of to heal the wounds of family disunity. After getting back to his cradle land, he reunites with his friend and saves Sohrab after being sexually abused and occasionally dancing for Assef while dressed in women's clothes. In order relinquish Sohrab, Amir agrees to engage in a fight with Assef. However, Assef beats Amir severely and breaks several of his bones. It is in this instance when Sohrab uses a slingshot to fire a brass ball in As sef's left (Newsmakers for Students 21). As evident enough, family unity is paramount, and when it is absent, violence takes root. The pivotal scene in myriad occasions is violence. Apart from the political tensions in the country, Assef is an older boy with a sadistic taste of violence attacks Amir, Hassan, and Sohrab. In an attempt to attack Amir, Hassan intervenes and threatens to shoot Assef with his slingshot and Assef shows a white flag but swears to revenge. Assef also sexually abuses the children at the orphanages and Sohrab happens to be the recent victim but is saved by Amir (Michelle 14). Other consequences of disunity include unforgiveness. Amir actively witnesses Assef beating, raping and severely inflicting wounds on Hassan but is too scared to help him. Though he feels guilty and responsible for the occurrence, Hassan nonetheless forgives Amir. He is selfless and holds no hard feelings against Amir ((Noor and Khaled 78).Communication. Communication among family member s is a vital and absence of it causes the family members to live like strangers to one another. Communication among siblings and between parents promotes understanding and unity in the family. The novel 'The Kite Runner', provides vivid descriptions of how important communication is in the family set up. Communication barriers disrupt the informational flow among family members. In the novel, Amir is seen to strive hard in rekindling his relationship with his father, Baba (Lev 43). He plays the role of an unlikable coward who failed to help his best friend in myriad needy situations. As as a result, Amir believes that it would be better for Hassan not to be around. He, therefore, plots against Hassan by placing a watch and some amount of money beneath the surface of his mattress. To him, this would make Baba furious and consequently chase away Hassan. Upon confrontation, Hassan falsely confesses to Baba. Although Baba is strongly against stealing, he nevertheless forgives Hassan. To the surprise of Baba, Hassan and Amir both leave premises and for once, Amir is freed from the daily nagging feeling of guilty although he lives under its shadow. Amir unlike his half-brother Hassan gets haunted by the guilt feelings due to lack of communication (Edward 20). Great enmity emanates between him and his half-brother. Also, the break in communication and the resultant effects are devastating as separation takes the course. Both part ways and the close brotherly ties cease to exist. Amir is also a victim of circumstances by the fact that much of the vital information about his culture and customs remains unknown to him. He feels desolate and unloved. Ideally, much of the information is availed to Amir in very desperate situations and only after terror strikes. Amir gets to understand later that Ali's death was a result of an accident at the land mine. Further, it becomes crystal clear to him that Ali was sterile and was not the biological father of Hassan. Hassan was Bab a's son ...

False Memories Using The Deese / Roedinger - 1262 Words

Human minds are filled with all different kinds of memories. From short term memory to long term memory, people’s every day routines are heavily influenced by the memories they possess. Remember the time in elementary school when you peed your pants, or the time in high school when you got to kiss your crush, or how about that time you saw your favorite celebrity star in the mall? What if these memories were not actually real? Are they memories or are they made up stories? Mendez and Fras (2011) suggest that false memories are just recollections of events that did not occur. These memories could be your imagination or a he said she said story heard through the grapevine. False memories can be created by misattributing the source of the information (Sternberg, 2011). Examples of confusion that could lead to false memories can consist of intentions turned into actions, imagination turned into perception, or something only heard about turned into perception (Sternberg, 2011). One of the ways researchers measure false memories is using the Deese/Roedinger–McDermott paradigm (DRM) (Mendez Fras, 2011). Mendez and Fras suggest that the use of the DRM, â€Å"indicates that false memories are associated with the need for complete and integrated memories, self-relevancy, imagination and wish fulfillment, familiarity, emotional facilitation, suggestibility, and sexual content† (2011). Mendez and Fras also state that FMRI studies show that the area of the brain associated with false

`` American Cool `` By Joel Dinerstein - 1022 Words

Joel Dinerstein, a professor at Tulane University, along with Frank Goodyear, a photographer scholar, shaped the â€Å"American Cool† exhibit at the National Portrait Gallery in the nation’s capital. They selected 100 coolest Americans based on â€Å"original artistic vision,† â€Å"cultural rebellion,† â€Å"iconic power or instant visual recognition,† and a â€Å"recognized cultural legacy.† However, they did not include William Henry Gates III, who is widely known not only for his original artistic vision in the development of the personal computer, but also for his instant visual recognition in the fields of technology and philanthropy as well as for his cultural legacy on the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates had an original artistic vision to†¦show more content†¦As a consequence, Gates devised the mouse to its already established interface. Eventually, other companies began to develop similar computers featuring screens and other controls similar to the mouse. However, Gates vision was unique because he wanted his computer to reach the general public while those other companies were targeting only big companies and wealthy people. Nowadays, almost everyone around the world has a personal computer. Equally important, the implementation of a screen and a mouse helps programmers develop advanced programing languages with ease. Gates’ company Microsoft and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation have instant recognition around the globe. Windows is almost on every computing device in the world. For instance, Microsoft has invented the world’s most successful word processor. Today, Microsoft’s Office program is the most recognized in every business and home. Everything from PowerPoint to Excel to Outlook to Publisher has changed the way people and businesses think regarding editing, presenting and sharing documents. Few companies are able to globalize their products like Microsoft did. For instance, Apple managed to reach the global markets when they launched their first Macintosh; however, they did not receive the same recognition as Microsoft personal computers did. Similarly, the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation is one of the most recognized and largest

Analysis Of The Book I Ain t Preachin - 872 Words

Passage and Page Number: I ain t preachin no more much. The sperit ain t in the people much no more; and worse n that, the sperit ain t in me no more. Course now an again the sperit gets movin an I rip out a meetin , or when folks sets out food, I give em a grace, but my heart ain t in it. I on y do it cause they expect it. pg.27 Reference: When Tom Joad sees Jim Casy as he walks to the Joad ranch after being dropped off from the truck, he asks Jim Casy if he preaches anymore because he remembers Jim Casy as a preacher. Jim Casy says he does not preach anymore because he does not believe in God. After he went into the forest and rediscovered more about life, he changed the way. Jim Casy has moved on from what he used to do to a new understanding to religion and life. Commentary: This passage is very significant in knowing where Jim Casy is coming from. This passage also shows that after Jim Casy went into the forest, he became a changed man. He begins to represent the prophet and leads the Joad family spiritually. He finds his own definition of spirituality and somewhat represents transcendentalism. His philosophy is different from what the Christianity is and he decides not to be a preacher anymore. Through his teachings throughout the novel, he has become a spiritual guide for the Joad family as they head west to California. His philosophy is also similar to the other new variations to the Christianity where Mormons for example have their own

Seminar in Global Supply Chain Management Essay - 2825 Words

Seminar Research Paper By Mars Mellish DDBA 8510 Seminar in Global Supply Chain Management Dr. Moutaz Abou-Robieh Walden University June 30, 2013 Abstract This paper was done to cover the DDBA-8510-1 Seminar Global Supply Chain Management final seminar research paper. Supply chain management, is the active management of supply chain activities to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. It represents a conscious effort by the supply chain firms to develop and run supply chains in the most effective efficient ways possible (Handfield, 2011). Global Supply Chain Management involves a business or a company’s worldwide interests and suppliers rather than simply a local or national orientation.†¦show more content†¦These devices are imperative for global supply chains. The farther the goods are from the final endpoint, the riskier its arrival. Before RFID scans, supply chain managers took inventory weekly or monthly to track sales and supplies. Now, many companies like Wal-Mart track their products with RFID technology. The RFID readers’ purpose is to cross-examine RFID. Advantages and Disadvantages of GSCM Some advantages of global supply chain management for businesses are to increase profit and sales, globalization increases sales because various market options are open, reduces the pressure of relying on local business, competitive advantage, enhance speed and efficiency, product cycle time reduction, and lowers supply chain cost. Some disadvantages of going global in regard to supply chain management is investment of money, time and resources, supplier selection and relationships can become very challenge. The norm disadvantage is as companies go global cooperating within groups and organizations could be very challenge. With cultural barriers, foreign tax laws and regulations companies going global should understand it may take years for supply chain to gain rewards and increase sales. 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Playing Billy Beane Free Essays

Since publication in 2003, Moneyball has entered the baseball dictionary.   When a team decides to brush off traditional strategies, they are said to be playing moneyball. This is what Billy Beane, the general manager of Oakland Atheltics and the hero of Moneyball, is best known for. We will write a custom essay sample on Playing Billy Beane or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Beane, as a player was not so great, but as the A’s manager at the sidelines, he started a revolution. In a nutshell, Beane knows how do more with so much less.   The A’s $55 million salary fund would pale in comparison to the Yankees’ $205 million (Hammonds 84).   Given the economics, Beane admits they can’t do the same things the Yankees do.   But with roughly one-third of the Yankees’ salary cap, the A’s still managed to finish big with the second-best win-loss record in the league—next only to the Yankees. How did Beane do it? Beane’s tactics and exploits off the field were the center of Michael Lewis’ Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game.   Professional baseball is a sport divided by teams who have much and teams who have none.   It is a derby between big-market teams who wave hefty paychecks temptingly under the noses of star players and smaller clubs who scrap for what’s left. That is the first managerial philosophy of Beane—scooping up potential team assets that rivals have ignored and undervalued.   As far as Beane is concerned, statistics and math work but only when they properly correspond to a player’s economic value. (86)   The Beane formula is to find players on the rise, potential superstars who are not red hot at the moment but could catch fire later on.   He will keep them until market catches up, give them away at a point he can no longer compete. A classic example was when Oakland signed 28-year-old Matt Stairs, a washed-up outfielder from the minor league.   Beane got him for $130,000 per year in 1996. Everyone though it was a bad catch, everyone except Beane.   But the former first round pick was right.   Over the next four years, Stairs hit the ball.   In 2000, his performance dipped as his market price went up.   Then Beane let him go for a pitcher. For Beane, every recruit has a potential to make it big.   Every move has its own risk but also its own purpose. Instead of looking at a player’s batting averages, fielding, or getting fascinated with his home runs, Beane focused on walks, on-base percentages and power. (85)   Oakland sought for players who can get on base like patient hitters who could tire out the opponent and finish it with a walk or a base hit.   The A’s type of player is one who can contribute in ways other ball clubs do not value as much. Beane is an expert in exploiting market mismatches.   He firmly believed that the criteria and standards set by scouts and managers in spotting players have been previously illogical.   Beane is gutsy, he takes risks.   But unlike most general managers, he finds a way to reduce the risks as the season progresses. He has learned the importance of calculated opportunism and this was evident in the 2002 draft when the A’s went the all-college approach. Gone are the days when general managers judge potential players by their sheer abilities.   These days, in a sport that has become a serious money-making venture, economic feasibility prompts every decision.   At the same time, as general manager, he says he had to evaluate players not only by their current feasibility but also his future trend. Citing all the numbers and statistics, Beane says baseball is predictable. (87)   He says there is always a way to least risk.   Like a true economist, he believes there is a great chance that the team will get some return on a particular asset. With Beane’s unconventional sports economics, Moneyball has been recognized not only by sports critics but also by economists.   Beane knows the baseball market place.   He acknowledges the gap between the market and the player’s value.   Knowing that market price and a player’s performance do not follow the same rules, he made sure to leave a way to narrow the gap. Considering the fact that Oakland cannot afford much, Beane has learned to thrive within windows of opportunity.   Like a baseball analyst says, the A’s are in a â€Å"commodity-management business†.   Beane’s philosophy is to keep the organization as flexible as he can.   He is good at creating options and the same time knows how to look at things the grown-up way.   Players are commodities with a tag price and the good thing is he knows whether that commodity is sinking or rising. As a general manager, Beane also knows that he has to rebuild.   The stakes evolve and therefore expecting continued success by doing the same things over and over has become impossible.   For Beane, it’s a matter of â€Å"identifying the moment.†Ã‚   One has to be creative enough to know when to trade off existing players and start fresh.   He cautioned however that when one chooses to rebuild, he must give it all.   No hesitations.   All or nothing.   It’s either a team rebuilds or not. As general manager, Beane also makes sure the players and the coaching staff knows who’s the boss.   Beane says he takes full responsibility of what happens in and out of the field.   He believes in giving his directors autonomy but during critical decision-making, he says he has to be there and cast his lot. A baseball club has a tight inner circle.   There is no bureaucracy and hours of organizational meetings fishing for hundred different opinions do not happen. Beane’s managerial style deviated form the traditional.   He acknowledges that all he can afford is to operate within windows of opportunity.   He has perfected the formula of matching a player’s performance metrics with his economic value.   He knows how to use his guts and correspond it with the statistics on paper that other teams might ignore. Oakland is an underfinanced team and it cannot afford superstars.   As the boss, Beane is expected to think differently, take risks, and effect changes.   At a time when scouts judge players by computers, Beane decided to oversimplify the thought.   Baseball’s traditional sabermetric community has been critical about this approach saying baseball’s math is much complex than Beane likes to admit. However, Beane insists that he recognizes the importance of statistics and that numbers are still at the heart of what the A’s do when they are out in the field.   The only difference is that Beane does not content himself with just what percentages or averages say.   He has learned how to relate this with how much a player is truly worth. As a baseball insider, Beane understands that the sport is predictable.   This gives Beane the chance to play the casino.   There is no way he could lose. The painful truth however is that building and sustaining are two different things all together.   With the A’s doing much with less, it is safe to assume that Beane as general manager has been successful in building.   The question now is can he sustain it?   Will the A’s keep on winning?   Between building and sustaining, the latter is much difficult to come by. Works Cited Hammonds, Keith. â€Å"How To Play Billy Beane.† Fast Company Magazine. April 2003: 84-87.    How to cite Playing Billy Beane, Essay examples

We Like It free essay sample

My persuasive speech will be on the topic of Animal Testing. Animal testing is the testing and experimentation of products on animals to test the safety levels and reactions. I chose to select this topic, because it really bothers me that animal testing is still allowed today. I have pets, and all my friends have pets and its just something I could never imagine them going through. I will need to find information concerning the laws on animal testing, the different types of animal testing used, the types of animals used, a list of companies that use animal testing, the harmful effects, and the benefits of animal testing. This information is free on the web, and it is a credible source. There are many articles and documentaries on animal testing. For example, http://www. time. com/time/health/article/0,8599,1815241,00. html , is a reliable resource out of Time Health Magazine. This is an important topic for this audience, becuase most of us own pets, or our friends have pets, and no one would ever want to see them get hurt or suffer. The audience already knows that animal testing is cruel, but they do not yet know the details and the hard cold facts behind the topic. The audience needs to know the different products that they are using that are being used for animal testing, and what their products are being tested on animal wise. I will adapt this to my audience by using their pets as examples, relating it to everyday products we use, and encourage them to make a difference in their lives, because it could help save an animal. Persuasive Speech Outline Purpose: To persuade the audience that animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. Thesis: We need to work together to stop animal testing. I. What is animal testing? a. Background on animal testing b. Products used during animal testing that we u use every day. II. How animal testing affects us and the animals a. How animal testing affects the animals b. How animal testing affects us as human beings. III. What we can do to stop animal testing. a. Actions we can take b. Alternative solutions to animal testing Introduction: A. Attention Getter: In the year 2000 over 2 million animals were used for animal testing in the UK. Animals are being used from all over for animal testing that ranges from drugs to our simple everyday shampoo. Almost every medicine, or treatment you have ever used has been tested on innocent animals for your benefit. B. /C. Relevance/Credibility: I have a dog at home that I absolutely love, and would never want to see her get hurt, or see something bad happen to her. Most of us all have pets at home, and if we dont, we definitely know someone that a beloved pet. Could you imagine seeing your pet get tortured for your own sake? Animal testing has become the sole method to testing products and medications prior to human use. D. Thesis: We need to work together to stop animal testing. To fully understand the terrible act of animal testing, I will first answer what animal testing is exactly, then I will explain how it affects both the animals and us, and finally we will learn how to take steps to stopping animal testing. Conclusion: Now that we know how cruel and unnecessary animal testing is, we can take steps to putting it to an end. We now know what animal testing is, how it affects us and the animals, and what we can do to stop it. If you cant imagine seeing your innocent pet getting tortured day in and day out why should any other similar animal have to do the same? Persuasive Speech Final Outline Purpose: To persuade the audience that animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. Thesis: We need to work together to stop animal testing. Claim: Value Organizational Pattern: Problem-Solution I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Each Year, over 100 million animals are used for animal testing worldwide. Animals are being used from all over for animal testing that ranges from drugs to our simple everyday shampoo. Almost every medicine or treatment you have ever used has been tested on innocent animals for your benefit. black screen) B. /C. Relevance/Credibility: (Visual of sutter) I have a dog at home that I absolutely love, and would never want to see her get hurt, or see something bad happen to her. Most of us all have pets at home, and if we dont, we definitely know someone that a beloved pet. Could you imagine seeing your pet get tortured for your own sake? Animal testing has become the sole method to testing products and medications prior to human us e. (Black screen) D. Thesis: We need to work together to stop animal testing. E. Preview: To fully understand the terrible act of animal testing, I will first answer what animal testing is exactly, then I will explain how it affects both the animals and us, and finally we will learn how to take steps to stopping animal testing, and the alternatives to animal testing. Transition: To begin, we will learn about the facts and figures of animal testing. II. Body A. Animal testing is a cruel procedure, and there are many things that we need to know about it to fully understand it. 1. (Visual) Everyday innocent animals are harmed during animal testing. They are forced to endure chemicals and products being put on their skin, eyes, stomach, and lungs. According to the website Peta. org’s Animal Testing 101 article, â€Å"Monkeys are addicted to drugs and have holes drilled into their skulls, sheep and pigs have their skin burned off and rats have their spinal cords crushed. Tiny mice grow tumors as large as their own bodies, kittens are purposely blinded, and rats are made to suffer seizures. In archaic medical training courses, pigs and dogs are cut open and killed and cats and ferrets have hard plastic tubes forced down their delicate throats. Animal testing isn’t even 100 % accurate, because animal’s biological makeup is different than our own, and the results are usually misleading. Testing is required for certain drugs, vaccines, chemicals, cosmetics, and other products we use on our bodies, or put in our bodies. Most tests kill over 2,000 animals every time they are used. 2. There are many companies whose products we use on a day to day basis, that still use animal testing. Here are a few†¦ *JohnsonJohnson(Visual) *Aveeno(visual) *Crest(visual) *Downy(visual) *Febreze(visual) *Maybelline(visual) *Pantene(visual) *Suave(visual) *Tide(visual) *Vaseline(visual) *Windex(visual) Transition: Next, we will visit the effects that animal testing has on both animals and humans. (black screen) B. Animal Testing is a cruel, unnecessary act that negatively affects both animals and humans. 1. (Visual ) In Time Magazine’s article How Much Does Animal Testing Tell Us? By Laura Blue, a significant point is mentioned, â€Å"We often hear you cant give aspirin to cats because its toxic to them, or you shouldnt give chocolate to dogs. Chocolate, which is very safe in humans, is not safe in dogs. † Animals are not the best method to test chemical products on, because their biological makeup differs from ours, like I stated earlier. All of the side effects of animal testing are negative to them, and include conditions such as Illness, skin irritation, pain, genetic mutation, and almost always result in death. The animals come from many places such as zoos, compounds, and breeders. Although the animals may be suffering physically from the pain and torture, they are also suffering by being taken away from their home environment’s and family’s. It has also been scientifically proven that animal’s feel pain and emotion cognitively as well. (Black screen) 2. It is argued that Human’s benefit from animal testing, because in return we do not have to be tested on. In reality, most of the results coming from animal testing do not correlate with human beings reactions. According to the article Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research by Hope Ferdowsian and Nancy Beck, â€Å"Recent systematic reviews of treatments for various clinical conditions demonstrated that animal studies have been poorly predictive of human outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, why use animals for testing, when the results aren’t even worth anything? Transition: Finally, we will learn how to help put an end to the detrimental process of animal testing. C. If we know the right steps to take, we can all help to put an end to animal testing once and for all. 1. One of the things we can do to stop animal testing, is buy cruelty-free products. We can also invest in cruelty free companies stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Cruelty free companies are businesses that do not support animal suffering. We can also join organizations against the cruelty of animals such as PETA, in an effort to exploit the companies that do test on animals. Lastly, we can write to our representatives in congress, asking them to reconsider the ethics of animal testing, and help to put an end to it once and for all. . Along with our efforts to put an end to animal testing, it is also important to know the alternatives to it. (Visual) An in vitro human skin equivalent was created to directly mimic all the characteristics of human skin. According to the article Human Skin Equivalent as an Alternative to Animal Testing by Heike Mertshing and Michaela Weimer â€Å"The 3- D skin equivalent can be viewed as physiologically comparable to the natural skin and therefore is a suitable alternative for animal testing. Also, according to the GEARI websites page on alternatives to animal testing, some other options to consider are â€Å"Computer modeling, Improved statistical design, and the LLNA. †(black screen) Transition: By learning all about the cruelties of animal testing, it is time for us to make a change and to put a stop to it once and for all! I. Conclusion: (Visual) Now that we know how cruel and unnecessary animal testing is, we can take steps to putting it to an end. We now know what animal testing is, how it affects us and the animals, and what we can do to stop it. If you cant imagine seeing your innocent pet getting tortured day in and day out why should any other similar animal have to do the same? Persuasive Speech Annotated Bibliography Persuasive Speech Annotated Bibliography Blue, Laura. (2008). How Much Does Animal Testing Tell Us? Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www. time. com/time/health/article/0,8599,1815241,00. html PETA (N. D. ). Animal Testing 101. Retrieved October 20, 2012, fromhttp://www. peta. org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-101. aspx Ferdowsian, H. R. , Beck, N. (2011). Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research. Plos ONE, 6(9), 1-4. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0024059 Mertsching, H. , Weimer, M. , Kersen, S. , Brunner, H. (2008). Human skin equivalent as an alternative to animal testing. GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar, 31-4. Justin. (N. D. ). Alternatives to Animal Testing: Or, Alternatives to the Use of Animals in Research. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www. geari. org/alternatives-to-animal-testing. html

Issues in International Business GDP

Question: Discuss about theIssues in International Businessfor GDP. Answer: Introduction Internal business has been increasing tremendously since the year 2000, with multiple companies expanding abroad to gain several benefits(Hodgetts, 2006). International trade has multiplied more than a hundred times since 1955 with globalization accounting for more than 25% of world GDP. But internalizing of businesses poses a number of challenges inspite of its several benefits. Benefits from international trade include easy access to resources, markets, technical expertise, production inputs, and lower labor costs and so on. Challenges from international business include cultural, constant flexibility to adapt to changing environments, political risks and risks from strategic choices(Bjrkman, 2007). The scope of this report is to study and analyze the potential cross-cultural impact on international business. Whereas discussion on international business can be extended to lengths, but this paper reviews scope of Singapore business culture with that of United States of America. Hofs tedes cultural dimension is an important tool that helps in analysis of cross-cultural parameter, which is used for discussing the two countries issues in international business. In the report host country is USA whereas home country is Singapore, hence we are considering a business from Singapore internationalizing in USA. Figure 1 : International Business Singapore with United States of America Source : (Incorporation, Retrieved on 16th November 2016) Cultural Analysis of Host Country Cultural includes traditional habits, behaviors, belief and conduct of people from a particular country or origin. There are several components and ways in which culture can be divided or analyzed as demonstrated below; Aesthetics includes imagery and artistic aspects of a culture which includes music, painting, dance, drama and architecture and so on. In United States due to the liberal and democratic point of view, business from other culture especially selects vibrant color in product packaging or advertising as blue or red. Whereas in Singapore colors combinations is preferred, reflecting culture influenced by ideologies and traditions(Kim Cheng Low, 2006). Music used in advertisement often relate to a persons sentimental, emotional or traditional values. Values and Attitude forms ideas, beliefs, customs that individuals are attached to. Attitudes form evaluations of feelings and behaviors of individuals. USA has high value towards their job and low towards their family in comparison to Singapore(Gelfand, 2011). Manners and Customs refer to appropriate ways and methods of speaking, behavior and conducting oneself. USA people as well as business have a more friendly approach to doing business and do not have such customs that needs to be maintained. In Singapore, manners and customs forms the pillars of individuals as well as businesses, thus one needs to be aware of them and abide by them. Religion refers to the human values that are developed from religious beliefs. Religion shape a person understands of work, god, and material goods and so on. USA has a mixed cultural society with majority people belonging to Christian community. But people do not observe their religion stringently. In Singapore majority religion is Christianity, Buddhism with high level of emotional dependence on it. A business from Singapore operating in USA will not face major issue in terms of religion, as both have similar religion but traditions differ(Trocki, 2006). Social Structure includes a cultures fundamental aspects as social groups, positions, friendship and so on. In USA majority of the social structure includes nuclear families or live-in couples, homosexual couples and so on. In Singapore joint large family with relatives is common. In Singapore people generally like to associate and belong to a particular group which is not the case in USA, where people enjoy their freedom from a small age(Luo, 2007). Personal Communication includes ways and processes to convey feelings, thoughts, knowledge, speech, action and writing. USA has its official language as English and all transactions in business are conducted in English. In Singapore official language is English as well as Mandarin. Business from Singapore entering in USA will not face much trouble while conducting business, as they are conversant in the language. Physical Environment includes the various physical attributes of a place which helps in culture transfer. USA has diversified topography, whereas Singapore is an island(Rugman, 2009). USA has been influenced by diversified type of cultures which is reflected in its demographic processes. Singapore has been mostly been impacted by Chinese, who have traditional structure and value systems. Though Singapore has overcome certain dimensions of its past cultures, it is yet to overcome all of them. Business Culture of the Host Country USA has a Westernized culture, in Singapore most of business aspects are westernized apart from certain tradition that has been inherited from the Chinese and Christianity(Incorporation, Retrieved on 16th November 2016). Business environment in USA is characterized by presence of a large number of multinationals and global businesses. They are highly competitive and innovation is their key driving force. Individuals in USA are highly dependent on internet for their transactions as well as for their promotions. Business operating from Singapore in USA needs to focus on personal needs to an individual more and shape advertisements and promotions accordingly. USA also has high reliance on entrepreneurial spirits as against Singapore. USA offers a huge and versatile market for various kinds of products and services with high amounts of dynamism(Bjrkman, 2007). They value time and innovation in processes as well as products. As against business environment in Singapore which in larger sense is dominated by traditional methods of doing business. Hofstedes 5 Cultural Dimensions Analysis of the Host Country Geert Hofstede formed and developed a framework for cross-cultural communication analysis. He used various dimensions of culture in order to explain difference amongst two cultures(Soares, 2007). Cultures in USA and Singapore can be analyzed using this mechanism to understand areas in which difference lies as follows; Power Distance, is measured as the aspect of inequality or degree of power an individual exerts over the others behaviors and ideas. As individuals are not equal in a society, power distance expresses attitude of culture to measure such inequalities. As USA is a fully transformed, developed westernized economy with freedom of speech, power distance is minimum amongst people(Adler, 2007). In Singapore power distance is high due to existing Chinese culture, values and traditions in their system. In Singapore powerful individuals often exert influence over the non-powerful to mold ways according to their benefits, be it in political or business relationships(Tung, 2008). Business from Singapore operating in USA will need to ascertain that they do not exert any power on employees or business personnel in this regards. As they do not value such power exertion and sees it as having negative influence. Individualism is measured as the degree of independence enjoyed by various members of a society. In individualistic societies people look after themselves as is the case in USA whereas Singapore is Collectivism based society, where individuals prefer to belong to a group. In USA majority of people stays alone without family or being in a group, whilst in Singapore people prefer to belong to a family. Americans premise comprising of liberty and justice for all, highlights rights provided to citizens by government. They have a loosely-knit society where people look after themselves. Americans often do business with unknown people as there are not shy and demonstrate self-reliance(Taras, 2012). Any business from Singapore considering diversion to USA needs to consider and respect USA trends for individualism. Masculinity indicates extent to which society provides importance to its male gender, competition, success. Low score on feminity refers to dominant values in society as well as quality of life. USA score of Masculinity is at 62, reflecting their masculinity drive in society. At school, work and other areas, Americans reflect their high masculinity index with demonstration to perform in best possible ways. People of USA often talk regarding their achievements in life and success. In job setting they have specific targets for accomplishment or for showing their capabilities to perform at a job. Monetary rewards motivate Americans the most and they have a positive dynamism in their society which reflects their willingness for betterment perspective in every aspect(Drogendijk, 2006). In Singapore though it is a westernized society, yet they do not have such high masculinity values and they are dominated by family and social values more. Businesses from Singapore can use monetary and rec ognition reward to motivate their employees by setting up achievable targets. Whereas in Singapore motivators will consider extrinsic motivators. Uncertainty Avoidance is the ambiguity that one feels threatened by unknown situations. Cultures often try to avoid beliefs as well as institutions through which they feel threatened, is demonstrated in their score on Uncertainty Avoidance. USA has a low score on Uncertainty Avoidance of 46 as they have a high degree of acceptance towards new ideas, innovations, and willingness for trying something different or new. Whereas in Singapore the score is particularly low reflecting that individuals are less eager to try new ideas or processes that they are not familiar with(Johnson, 2006). Business from Singapore diverting into USA can hope to develop new processes and products through way of their normal proceeding which is not the case in Singapore. Figure 2 : Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Singapore with United States Source : (Christian, Retrieved on 16th November2016) Long-term Orientation is the factor where a society maintains some links with its past for dealing with present and future challenges(Jackson, 2008). USA has a score of 26 on this dimension whereas Singapore has a relatively high score. High score indicates pragmatic approach to prepare for future. People of USA have a tendency to analyze new information without any pragmatic approach. They have a mental bend of mind with high practicality. They have strong ideas and views regarding right and wrong, where they can make their own decisions. Therefore, businesses in USA present a shorter time view of their performance on quarterly basis, which is also considered by individuals as the motivating factor for achieving higher results. In Singapore this score is typically high as there is a high reliance on traditional beliefs and performances. Businesses from Singapore need to have respect and tolerance of people of USA in this factor as it is quite different compared to its own country. Indulgence is the extent to which individuals attach control over their impulses or desires. A weak control over impulse is referred to as indulgence and having strong control is called Restraint. USA have an Indulgent score of 68 as it has belief to work hard. They exert stringent control in areas where they want controlled activities(Kirkman, 2006). Singapore has a relatively low score in comparison to USA as it has a more Restraint approach. In this parameter as well Singapore and USA is quite deferent hence businesses from Singapore needs to understand and analyze this dimension for conducting and developing good business relationships. Singapore is a country from Asia whereas USA is a typically westernized country, there ways and processes differ significantly. But with rapid globalization and internationalization of businesses, Singapore is rapidly transforming itself. Singapore is trying to match up westernized means and procedures such that it can emerge as an Asian hub for business and gain economically. Recommendation and Conclusion USA is a land of diversified cultures and immense opportunities. It offers an immense market with varied needs and huge capabilities that can be utilized by businesses. Singapore on the other hand is a developing country, where its companies are trying and expanding into international business to make their mar felt. Several businesses from Singapore is present today in multiple parts of the world and is highly successful. When a business considers diversifying into USA, it needs to do a proper cultural analysis of the Hofstedes study that has been undertaken. Whereas both the countries enjoy some amounts of similarity in their culture, they are highly diverse in their needs and demands. A successful company will be one who is able to successfully analyze such differences and meet any gaps existing in the same. References Adler, N. J. (2007). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Bjrkman, I. S. (2007). Cultural differences and capability transfer in cross-border acquisitions: The mediating roles of capability complementarity, absorptive capacity, and social integration. . Journal of International Business Studies, 658-672. Christian, S. (Retrieved on 16th November2016). Hofstede cultural dimension Singapore with United States. https://singaporechristian.com/tag/cross-cultural-communication/. Drogendijk, R. . (2006). Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises. . International business review, 361-380. Gelfand, M. J. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. science. 1100-1104. Hodgetts, R. M. (2006). International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. . McGraw-Hill Companies. Jackson, G. . (2008). Comparing capitalisms: Understanding institutional diversity and its implications for international business. . Journal of International Business Studies, 540-561. Johnson, J. P. (2006). Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies, 525-543. Kim Cheng Low, P. (2006). Father leadership: The Singapore case study. . Management decision, 89-104. Kirkman, B. L. (2006). A quarter century of culture's consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. . Journal of international business studies, 285-320. Luo, Y. . (2007). International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective. Journal of international business studies, 481-498. Rugman, A. M. (2009). International business. Pearson Education. Soares, A. M. (2007). Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. . Journal of business research, 277-284. Taras, V. S. (2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions. . Journal of World Business, 329-341. Trocki, C. A. (2006). Singapore: Wealth, power and the culture of control. Psychology Press. Tung, R. L. (2008). The cross-cultural research imperative: The need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity. . Journal of International Business Studies, 41-46.

The five competitive forces of Michael Porter

Business strategists’ primary function in companies is their ability to understand competition and create plans to cope with such. The five competitive forces Michael Porter discusses in his article are the threat of new or potential entrants, negotiating power of suppliers, bartering power of customers, threat of substitute products and/ or services and competition among direct rivals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An industry’s structure is characterized by the comprehensive competition of the five forces. These forces also outline the temperament of aggressive interaction within an industry. It is important for company strategists to have a thorough understanding of the five forces in order for them to plan out strategies for the company. In understanding the five competitive forces, the company will be able to †Å"reveal the roots of an industry’s profitability and provide framework for anticipating and influencing competition and profitability† (Porter, 2008). Understanding a given industry’s structure is also essential in the positioning of a company. The industry structure determines the strength of the five forces. Such is characterized by the economy and technological advancement (Porter, 2008). The five forces which shape strategy differ from industry to industry with regards to their configuration. Evaluating and analyzing the five forces may enable companies to understand the challenges present in the industry. The first force is the threat of new players in the industry. The presence of new entrants affects the industry’s prices, costs and rate of investments. â€Å"New entrants bring new capacity and desire to gain market share. This force puts a cap on the profit potential of an industry† (Porter, 2008). Entry barriers and the reactions of incumb ents determine the competition and profitability of an industry. Industry incumbents have an advantage through the seven entry barriers which are supply-side economies of scale, demand-side benefits of scale, capital requirements, incumbency advantages independent of size, unequal access to distribution channels and restrictive government policy. In planning out company strategies, managers must take into consideration the relationship of entry barriers and potential players’ capabilities. The second force which affects strategy is the power of suppliers where â€Å"they try to gain more value for themselves by charging higher prices, limiting quality or services or shifting costs to industry participants† (Porter, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another force is the power of buyers where customers tend to coerce sellers in lowering product prices, deman ding superior quality and services. Customers can influence the increase of costs at the expense of the profitability of an industry. The fourth force is the threat of substitutes. Substitutes can threaten the profitability of an industry for they can act as an alternative when a customers are not satisfied with a given product. Lastly, the rivalry among existing competitors is the fifth force which shapes competition. These rivalries can be manifested in different forms such as price competition, product innovations, marketing and advertising campaigns and improvements of services. Profitability of industries is limited when rivalry among industry players is high. â€Å"The degree to which rivalry drives down an industry’s profit potential depends on the intensity which companies compete and the basis on which they compete† (Porter, 2008). An industry’s profit potential is determined by the industry structure. Understanding the five forces enables companies to regulate how economic value is created in the industry. Strategists must consider the five forces in keeping the overall industry structure in mind and must focus on structural conditions. Aside from the five forces, strategists must also take into consideration factors which affect industries namely the growth rate of the industry, technology and innovation, government policies and complementary products and services. An evaluation of an industry’s forces and factors may provide an understanding that industry structure constantly undergoes adjustments and such can change sporadically. Changes in the industry can originate from within the industry or it can be attributed to factors outside the industry. The outcomes of the changes in the industry can be an advantage or a disadvantage. The importance of understanding the five factors enables strategists to identify the framework of the industry thus they can expect such developments and anticipate the impacts of such changes i n the industry’s profitability. Such changes may include the shifting threat of new entry, changing supplier or buyer power, shifting threat of substitution and new bases of rivalry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The thorough understanding of forces, factors and changes in the industry allows strategists to plan out how companies should position themselves, exploit industry change, shape industry structure and define the industry. In developing strategy, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the forces which shape the competition of a given industry. The five forces expose the profitability of an industry and a thorough understanding of such together with the factors affecting the industry as well as the changes brought about justify such profitability. The five forces expose the most important features of an indus try’s competitive environment. A detailed understanding of the forces enables strategists to determine the standard strengths and weaknesses of a company in a given industry. The knowledge of industry structure helps managers shape strategies for companies to compete in the market. Works Cited Porter, Michael. â€Å"The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy.† Harvard Business Review January (2008): 78 – 93. Web. This essay on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter was written and submitted by user Kylah C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.